Innovations in Financial Products Have Contributed to the Current Financial Crisis” a Discusses This Statement

â€Å"Innovations in financial products have contributed to the current financial crisis† A  discusses this statement. Introduction What is Financial Crisis? A financial crisis is when the value of a financial institutions or assets declines suddenly, where investors sell off assets or withdraw their money due to the fear that the value of the assets would drop. E. g. Of a financial crisis are: * Banking Panics * Stock market crashes * Bursting of financial bubbles * Currency crisis. (http://provimet. weebly. com/uploads/2/4/3/4/2434228/global_financial_crisis. df) What is Financial Innovations? Financial innovations are ongoing development of financial instruments designed to achieve a specific objectives, such as offsetting a risk exposure (i. e. default of a borrower) or to assist with obtaining financing. Financial innovation can either be product or process. Process are developments demonstrated by new means of distributing securities, processing transactions or pricing transactions, while product innovations embodied by new derivative contracts, new corporate securities or new form of pooled investment products.Examples that relate to the crisis include the adjustable rate mortgage . i. e. the packing of subprime mortgages into Mortgage Backed Securities (MBS) or Collateralized Debt Obligations (CDO) for sale to investors, a type of securitization and a form of credit insurance called Credit Default Swaps (CDS), Collateralized Mortgage Obligation (CMO) The use of these products extended radically in the years prime to the crisis. These products differ in complexity and the simplicity with which they can be valued on the books of financial institutions. http://www3. weforum. org/docs/WEF_FS_RethinkingFinancialInnovation_Report_2012. pdf)(http://www. scribd. com/doc/47101947/Financial-Crisis-of-2007-2010). The purpose of this assignment is to discuss how the innovations in the financial products contributed to the current financial crisis. In this paper I also examine what these financial innovations are and how they contribute to the current financial crisis. Some of these financial innovations I will look at are CDO’s, CDS, and MBS. Financial Innovation and the Financial CrisisThese are many factors played a part in the financial crisis and financial innovation was one of the factors but it did not only cause the financial crisis but to some degree it did contribute to the crisis due to it misuse and lack of information and the under pricing of the risk involve in some of the financial product. Collateralized Debt Obligations (CDO) Collateralized debt obligations are asset backed security that is package together in a different range of debt obligations or bank loans package into a financial security that is divided up into various tranches, each level having a different maturity and risk.The greater the risk, the more the CDO pays. The type of CDO tranches include; Equity, Junior, Mezzanine, and Senior tranche. The equity tranche been the riskiest level and while senior tranche is the safest of the CDO. The development of CDOs resulted in more liquidity in the economy. They permit banks to sell their debt, and freed up more capital to invest or loan. Due to the additional liquidity this eventual lead to an asset bubbles in the housing market and credits crisis. So how did the CDO play a role in the financial crisis?During the early part of the crisis CDO assets started to decrease in value due to the rise in subprime mortgage default. CDO products began to underperform, the opacity of the products with view to the character and quality of the assets that underlined their value; leading to the discouragement in the investors and also led to panic in market about exposed institutions and CDO underwriters. As a result, CDO had lets banks and other financial institutions to increase their leveraged bet on the housing market, increasing returns in the short run escalating the damage once suspicions were raised.Investors did not know the value of the CDOs they were investing into due to the complexity of the product. Synthetic CDO increase profits on the benefit as the housing boomed however, as doubts occurs; they were use as instrument investor’s utilize to creates a short position on the disadvantage of the housing market. CDOs where use to put money in the mortgage market therefore persuading investors into thinking they were investing in a safe instruments that were establish on low quality assets. The value of CDOs helped in creating the damage of the financial crisis.MBS create a void among the originator of mortgage risk and the ultimate holder of that risk, this void was considerably broad by CDOs. On the other hand Synthetic CDOs broke the link completely and permit investors to make an unrestricted number of bets on a key risk they did not understand. The complexity of the CDO and synthetic CDO structures was a problem. The cloudiness of the products made it hard to estimate the value thereby discouraged investors from fully understanding the risk that come with CDO investments. (Class Note by Joe Naughton), (http://www3. eforum. org/docs/WEF_FS_RethinkingFinancialInnovation_Report_2012. pdf) . Credit Default Swaps (CDS) A Credit Default Swaps is a credit derivative and a form of insurance policy on a bond or a loan. The protection buyer buys protection and makes regular payments just like an insurance premium, while the protection seller sells protection and takes the premium but agree to pay off the protection buyer in the event of a default . i. e. the CDS purchaser pays a fee in order to transfer the risk of a default to the CDS seller.A CDS contract can last for a number of years and obliges that the seller of the protection offer collateral to make sure that the buyer will be paid if the seller where to default. CDS offers numerous advantages to individual participants that use them to hedge risk during the financial crisis and fo llowing economic downturn. Credit default swaps play a significant role in the financial crisis by contributing to the CDO market and its difficulties. CDS permit CDO mangers to make hybrid and synthetic CDOs at a huge pace.CDS allows hedge funds to perform complex hedging and linkage that enable the purchase of junior and equity tranche. The CDS market lets investors and institutions to transfer risk, from the CDO market and elsewhere, to CDS issuers that were not in a position to assume the risk. One of the role CDS played in the financial crisis was that it was able to transfer credit risk through CDS which make it hard to estimate the riskiness of a specific intermediaries. One of the issues also was that bank were able to buys and sells CDS that was not show in their balance sheet.This lack of disclosure makes it much more problematic for a bank counterparties to tell how risky it is. The lack of transparency in the CDS market made the financial system exposed to a shock that t hreatens trust in counterparties. CDS sellers became more exposed to a collapse by several sellers; this is due to the fact that a great number of CDS were trade over the counter (OTC), instead of in an exchange. And in an OTC market it is impossible for a seller to know what several buyers are doing with others.An example is AIG was a victim of the CDS market because the firm misinterpret the risks of the CDS market and sold an excessive amount of credit protection through CDSs deprived not having an enough capital in a loss reserve. (Class Note by Joe Naughton) (http://www3. weforum. org/docs/WEF_FS_RethinkingFinancialInnovation_Report_2012. pdf) (http://www. mhhe. com/economics/cecchetti/Cecchetti2_Ch09_CDS. pdf) Mortgage Backed Security (MBS) Mortgage Backed Security is an asset backed security or a debt obligation by a mortgage or collection of mortgages loans.They are bundle together into pools and sold as a single security. This is known as securitization. .i. e. banks lend m oney to an individual to buy a house in return the bank will collects monthly payment on the loan. The loan is then sold to a bigger bank that packages the loan together into a mortgage backed security. The bank then issues shares of this security, called tranches to investors who buy then and ultimately collect the dividends in the form of a monthly mortgage payment. These tranches can be further repackaged as other securities, called collateralized debt obligations (CDO) and then sold.Mortgage backed security played a major role in the financial crisis of 2008, due to the increasing demand for MBS from investors eventually played a part in the financial market meltdown. The demand for MBS increased on mortgages of all risk, including subprime, which lead lenders to move towards the â€Å"Originate to distribute† business model, with the explicit intention of securitizing and selling the mortgages after completing them. The MBS tranches rating by the rating agencies led to b elieve that risks were understood and the investment were safe.If the MBS had not been given investment grade ratings then the degree of the financial crisis would have been significantly less. The criterion on the MBS was relax making it easy to participate, therefore the market began endorsing different types of mortgages with a more risky kind that amplified the risk of a default to MBS investors. The MBS market was not regulated which also allowed financial institutions other bank to participate in the mortgage business. Mortgage backed security have weakness that was not accurately controlled in the run up to the crisis.Originate to distribute model spark off a behavioural changes in the market, from consumers to investment banks, that were not expected but that could have been monitored and managed by the industry and its regulators. (http://www3. weforum. org/docs/WEF_FS_RethinkingFinancialInnovation_Report_2012. pdf) (http://money. howstuffworks. com/mortgage-backed-security . htm) Financial innovation can not be held solely accountable for the financial crisis but it did contribute a great deal to the crisis and to the extent of the damage.The risk associated with financial innovation was not properly calculated, inturn in more credit default to occur. Financial innovation has benefits to the economy but due to the current financial crisis financial innovation has receive a lot of negative view as a result of the misused and badly managed of the products and also due to the fact that they were insufficiently thought out and the misapplication of the innovations that might have a positive impact on the economy. But collateralized debt obligations and credit default swaps have done a lot of damage than good.Bibliography Bruno G, 2012. Rethinking Financial Innovation (online). Available from: http://www3. weforum. org/docs/WEF_FS_RethinkingFinancialInnovation_Report_2012. pdf . (20 November 2012). (Online) Available from: http://www. mhhe. com/economics/c ecchetti/Cecchetti2_Ch09_CDS. pdf. (20 November 2012). (Online) Available from: http://www. scribd. com/doc/47101947/Financial-Crisis-of-2007-2010 (12 November 2012) (Online) Available from: http://provimet. weebly. com/uploads/2/4/3/4/2434228/global_financial_crisis. pdf (12 November 2012).

Thiamine and Mg

Fruits |Amount |Minerals Contained |Vitamins Contained | | |Apple |One medium apple with |Potassium – 195 mg |Vitamin A – 98 IU | |[pic] |skin contains 0. 47 |Calcium – 11 mg |Vitamin B1 (thiamine) – 0. 031 mg | | |grams of protein, 95 |Phosphorus – 20 mg |Vitamin B2 (riboflavin) – 0. 047 mg | | |calories, and 4. 4 grams|Magnesium – 9 mg |Niacin – 0. 66 mg | | |of dietary fiber. |Manganese – 0. 064 mg |Folate – 5 mcg | | | |Iron – 0. 22 mg |Pantothenic Acid – 0. 111 mg | | | |Sodium – 2 mg |Vitamin B6 – 0. 075 mg | | | |Copper – 0. 049 mg |Vitamin C – 8. 4 mg | | | |Zinc – 0. 7 mg |Vitamin E – 0. 33 mg | | | |Also contains a trace amount of other |Vitamin K – 4 mcg | | | |minerals. |Contains some other vitamins in small| | | | |amounts. | |Avocado |One medium avocado |Potassium – 975 mg |Vitamin A – 293 IU | |[pic] |contains 4. 2 grams of |Phosphorus – 105 mg |Vitamin C – 20. 1 mg | | |protein, 322 calories |Magnesium – 58 mg |Vitamin B1 (thiamine) – 0. 135 mg | | |and 13. 5 grams of |Calcium – 24 mg |Vitamin B2 (riboflavin) – 0. 261 mg | | |fiber. |Sodium – 14 mg |Niacin – 3. 493 mg | | | |Iron – 1. 1 mg |Folate – 163 mcg | | | |Selenium 0. 8 mcg |Pantothenic Acid – 2. 792 mg | | | |Manganese – 0. 285 mg |Vitamin B6 – . 517 mg | | | |Copper – 0. 382 mg |Vitamin E – 4. 16 mg | | | |Zinc – 1. 29 mg |Vitamin K – 42. mcg | | | |Also contains small amounts of other |Contains some other vitamins in small| | | |minerals. |amounts. | |Banana |One medium banana |Potassium – 422 mg |Vitamin A – 76 IU | |[pic] |contains 1. 29 grams of |Phosphorus – 26 mg |Vitamin B1 (thiamine) – 0. 037 mg | | |protein, 105 calories |Magnesium – 32 mg |Vitamin B2 (riboflavin) – 0. 86 mg | | |and 3. 1 grams of |Calcium – 6 mg |Niacin – 0. 785 mg | | |dietary fiber. |Sodium – 1 mg |Folate – 24 mcg | | | |Iron – 0. 31 mg |Pantothenic Acid – 0. 394 mg | | | |Selenium 1. 2 mcg |Vitamin B6 – 0. 433 mg | | | |Manganese – 0. 19 mg |Vitamin C – 10. 3 mg | | | |Copper – 0. 092 mg |Vitamin E – 0. 12 mg | | | |Zinc – 0. 18 mg |Vitamin K – 0. 6 mcg | | | |Also contains small amounts of other |Contains some other vitamins in small| | | |minerals. |amounts. |Blackberries |One cup of blackberries|Potassium – 233 mg |Vitamin A – 308 IU | |[pic] |contains 2 grams of |Phosphorus – 32 mg |Vitamin B1 (thiamine) – 0. 029 mg | | |protein, 62 calories |Magnesium – 29 mg |Vitamin B2 (riboflavin) – 0. 037 mg | | |and 7. 6 grams of |Calcium – 42 mg |Niacin – 0. 93 mg | | |dietary fiber. Sodium – 1 mg |Folate – 36 mcg | | | |Iron â⠂¬â€œ 0. 89 mg |Pantothenic Acid – 0. 397 mg | | | |Selenium 0. 6 mcg |Vitamin B6 – 0. 043 mg | | | |Manganese – 0. 93 mg |Vitamin C – 30. 2 mg | | | |Copper – 0. 238 mg |Vitamin E – 1. 8 mg | | | |Zinc – 0. 76 mg |Vitamin K – 28. 5 mcg | | | |Also contains small amounts of other |Contains some other vitamins in small| | | |minerals. |amounts. | |Blackcurrants |One cup of |Potassium – 361 mg |Vitamin A – 258 IU | |[pic] |blackcurrants contains |Phosphorus – 66 mg |Vitamin B1 (thiamine) – 0. 56 mg | | |1. 57 grams of protein |Magnesium – 27 mg |Vitamin B2 (riboflavin) – 0. 056 mg | | |and 71 calories. |Calcium – 62 mg |Niacin – 0. 336 mg | | | |Sodium – 2 mg |Pantothenic Acid – 0. 446 mg | | | |Iron – 1. 72 mg |Vitamin B6 – 0. 74 mg | | | |Manganese – 0. 287 mg |Vitamin C – 202. 7 mg | | | |Copper – 0. 096 mg |Vitamin E †“ 1. 12 mg | | | |Zinc – 0. 3 mg |Contains some other vitamins in small| | | |Also contains small amounts of other |amounts. | | | |minerals. | |Blueberries |One cup of blueberries |Potassium – 114 mg |Vitamin A – 217 IU | |[pic] |contains 1. 1 grams of |Phosphorus – 18 mg |Vitamin B1 (thiamine) – 0. 055 mg | | |protein, 84 calories |Magnesium – 9 mg |Vitamin B2 (riboflavin) – 0. 061 mg | | |and 3. 6 grams of |Calcium – 9 mg |Niacin – 0. 08 mg | | |dietary fiber. Sodium – 1 mg |Folate – 9 mcg | | | |Iron – 0. 41 mg |Pantothenic Acid – 0. 184 mg | | | |Selenium 0. 1 mcg |Vitamin B6 – 0. 077 mg | | | |Manganese – 0. 497 mg |Vitamin C – 14. 4 mg | | | |Zinc – 0. 24 mg |Vitamin E – 2. 9 mg | | | |Also contains small amounts of other |Vitamin K – 28. 6 mcg | | | |minerals. |Contains some other vitamins in small| | | | |amounts. | |Boysenberries |One cup o f frozen |Potassium – 183 mg |Vitamin A – 88 IU | |[pic] |boysenberries contains |Phosphorus – 36 mg |Vitamin B1 (thiamine) – 0. 7 mg | | |1. 45 grams of protein, |Magnesium – 21 mg |Vitamin B2 (riboflavin) – 0. 049 mg | | |66 calories and 7 grams|Calcium – 36 mg |Niacin – 1. 012 mg | | |of dietary fiber. |Sodium – 1 mg |Folate – 83 mcg | | | |Iron – 1. 12 mg |Pantothenic Acid – 0. 3 mg | | | |Selenium 0. 3 mcg |Vitamin B6 – 0. 074 mg | | | |Manganese – 0. 722 mg |Vitamin C – 4. 1 mg | | | |Copper – 0. 106 mg |Vitamin E – 1. 15 mg | | | |Zinc – 0. 29 mg |Vitamin K – 10. mcg | | | |Also contains small amounts of other |Contains some other vitamins in small| | | |minerals. |amounts. | |Breadfruit |One cup of fresh |Potassium – 1078 mg |Vitamin B1 (thiamine) – 0. 242 mg | |[pic] |breadfruit contains |Phosphorus – 66 mg |Vitamin B2 (ri boflavin) – 0. 066 mg | | |2. 35 grams of protein, |Magnesium – 55 mg |Niacin – 1. 8 mg | | |227 calories and 10. 8 |Calcium – 37 mg |Folate – 31 mcg | | |grams of dietary fiber. |Sodium – 4 mg |Pantothenic Acid – 1. 05 mg | | | |Iron – 1. 19 mg |Vitamin B6 – 0. 22 mg | | | |Selenium 1. 3 mcg |Vitamin C – 63. mg | | | |Manganese – 0. 132 mg |Vitamin E – 0. 22 mg | | | |Copper – 0. 185 mg |Vitamin K – 1. 1 mcg | | | |Zinc – 0. 26 mg |Contains some other vitamins in small| | | |Also contains small amounts of other |amounts. | | | |minerals. | |Cantaloupe |One medium wedge |Potassium – 184 mg |Vitamin A – 2334 IU | |[pic] |(slice) of cantaloupe |Phosphorus – 10 mg |Vitamin B1 (thiamine) – 0. 028 mg | | |contains 0. 58 grams of |Magnesium – 8 mg |Vitamin B2 (riboflavin) – 0. 013 mg | | |protein, 23 calories |Calcium – 6 mg |Niacin â₠¬â€œ 0. 506 mg | | |and 0. grams of |Sodium – 11 mg |Folate – 14 mcg | | |dietary fiber. |Iron – 0. 14 mg |Pantothenic Acid – 0. 072 mg | | | |Selenium 0. 3 mcg |Vitamin B6 – 0. 05 mg | | | |Manganese – 0. 028 mg |Vitamin C – 25. 3 mg | | | |Copper – 0. 28 mg |Vitamin E – 0. 03 mg | | | |Zinc – 0. 12 mg |Vitamin K – 1. 7 mcg | | | |Also contains small amounts of other |Contains some other vitamins in small| | | |minerals. |amounts. | |Cherimoya |One cup of diced, fresh|Potassium – 459 mg |Vitamin B1 (thiamine) – 0. 162 mg | |[pic] |cherimoya contains 2. 1|Phosphorus – 42 mg |Vitamin B2 (riboflavin) – 0. 21 mg | | |grams of protein, 120 |Magnesium – 27 mg |Niacin – 1. 03 mg | | |calories and 4. 8 grams |Calcium – 16 mg |Folate – 37 mcg | | |of dietary fiber. |Sodium – 11 mg |Pantothenic Acid – 0. 552 mg | | | |Iron – 0. 43 mg |Vitam in B6 – 0. 11 mg | | | |Manganese – 0. 149 mg |Vitamin C – 20. 2 mg | | | |Copper – 0. 11 mg |Vitamin A – 8 IU | | | |Zinc – 0. 26 mg |Vitamin E – 0. 43 mg | | | |Also contains small amounts of other |Contains some other vitamins in small| | | |minerals. amounts. | |Cherries |One cup of fresh |Potassium – 306 mg |Vitamin A – 88 IU | |[pic] |cherries, with pits, |Phosphorus – 29 mg |Vitamin B1 (thiamine) – 0. 037 mg | | |contains 1. 46 grams of |Magnesium – 15 mg |Vitamin B2 (riboflavin) – 0. 046 mg | | |protein, 87 calories |Calcium – 18 mg |Niacin – 0. 213 mg | | |and 2. 9 grams of |Iron – 0. mg |Folate – 6 mcg | | |dietary fiber. |Zinc – 0. 1 mg |Pantothenic Acid – 0. 275 mg | | | |Manganese – 0. 097 mg |Vitamin B6 – 0. 068 mg | | | |Copper – 0. 083 mg |Vitamin C – 9. 7 mg | | | |Also contains small amounts of other |Vitam in E – 0. mg | | | |minerals. |Vitamin K – 2. 9 mcg | | | | |Contains some other vitamins in small| | | | |amounts. | |Chinese pear |One Chinese (Asian) |Potassium – 333 mg |Vitamin B1 (thiamine) – 0. 025 mg | |[pic] |pear, about 3 inches in|Phosphorus – 30 mg |Vitamin B2 (riboflavin) – 0. 28 mg | | |diameter, contains 1. 38|Magnesium – 22 mg |Niacin – 0. 602 mg | | |grams of protein, 116 |Calcium – 11 mg |Folate – 22 mcg | | |calories and 9. 9 grams |Selenium 0. 3 mcg |Pantothenic Acid – 0. 193 mg | | |of dietary fiber. |Manganese – 0. 165 mg |Vitamin B6 – 0. 06 mg | | | |Copper – 0. 38 mg |Vitamin C – 10. 4 mg | | | |Zinc – 0. 06 mg |Vitamin E – 0. 33 mg | | | |Also contains small amounts of other |Vitamin K – 12. 4 mcg | | | |minerals. |Contains some other vitamins in small| | | | |amounts. |Cranberries |One cup of cranberries |Potassium – 85 mg |Vi tamin A – 60 IU | |[pic] |contains 0. 39 grams of |Phosphorus – 13 mg |Vitamin B1 (thiamine) – 0. 012 mg | | |protein, 46 calories |Magnesium – 6 mg |Vitamin B2 (riboflavin) – 0. 02 mg | | |and 4. 6 grams of |Calcium – 8 mg |Niacin – 0. 101 mg | | |dietary fiber. Sodium – 2 mg |Folate – 1 mcg | | | |Iron – 0. 25 mg |Pantothenic Acid – 0. 295 mg | | | |Selenium 0. 1 mcg |Vitamin B6 – 0. 057 mg | | | |Manganese – 0. 36 mg |Vitamin C – 13. 3 mg | | | |Copper – 0. 061 mg |Vitamin E – 1. mg | | | |Zinc – 0. 1 mg |Vitamin K – 5. 1 mcg | | | |Also contains small amounts of other |Contains some other vitamins in small| | | |minerals. |amounts. | |Dates |One cup of pitted, |Potassium – 964 mg |Vitamin A – 15 IU | |[pic] |chopped dates contains |Phosphorus – 91 mg |Vitamin B1 (thiamine) – 0. 76 mg | | |3. 6 grams of protein, |Magnesium †“ 63 mg |Vitamin B2 (riboflavin) – 0. 097 mg | | |415 calories and 11. 8 |Calcium – 57 mg |Niacin – 1. 873 mg | | |grams of dietary fiber. |Sodium – 3 mg |Folate – 28 mcg | | | |Iron – 1. 5 mg |Pantothenic Acid – 0. 866 mg | | | |Selenium 4. 4 mcg |Vitamin B6 – 0. 43 mg | | | |Manganese – 0. 385 mg |Vitamin C – 0. 6 mg | | | |Copper – 0. 303 mg |Vitamin E – 0. 07 mg | | | |Zinc – 0. 43 mg |Vitamin K – 4 mcg | | | |Also contains small amounts of other |Contains some other vitamins in small| | | |minerals. amounts. | |Figs |One large, fresh fig |Potassium – 148 mg |Vitamin A – 91 IU | |[pic] |contains 0. 48 grams of |Phosphorus – 9 mg |Vitamin B1 (thiamine) – 0. 038 mg | | |protein, 47 calories |Magnesium – 11 mg |Vitamin B2 (riboflavin) – 0. 032 mg | | |and 1. 9 grams of |Calcium – 22 mg |Niacin – 0. 256 mg | | |dietary fiber. Sod ium – 1 mg |Folate – 4 mcg | | | |Iron – 0. 24 mg |Pantothenic Acid – 0. 192 mg | | | |Selenium 0. 1 mcg |Vitamin B6 – 0. 072 mg | | | |Manganese – 0. 082 mg |Vitamin C – 1. 3 mg | | | |Copper – 0. 045 mg |Vitamin E – 0. 7 mg | | | |Zinc – 0. 1 mg |Vitamin K – 3 mcg | | | |Also contains small amounts of other |Contains some other vitamins in small| | | |minerals. |amounts. | |Gooseberries |One cup of gooseberries|Potassium – 297 mg |Vitamin A – 435 IU | |[pic] |contains 1. 32 grams of |Phosphorus – 40 mg |Vitamin B1 (thiamine) – 0. 6 mg | | |protein, 66 calories |Magnesium – 15 mg |Vitamin B2 (riboflavin) – 0. 045 mg | | |and over 6. 5 grams of |Calcium – 38 mg |Niacin – 0. 45 mg | | |dietary fiber. |Sodium – 2 mg |Folate – 9 mcg | | | |Iron – 0. 47 mg |Pantothenic Acid – 0. 429 mg | | | |Selenium 0. mcg |Vitamin B6 – 0. 12 mg | | | |Manganese – 0. 216 mg |Vitamin C – 41. 5 mg | | | |Copper – 0. 105 mg |Vitamin E – 0. 56 mg | | | |Zinc – 0. 18 mg |Contains some other vitamins in small| | | |Also contains small amounts of other |amounts. | | |minerals. | | |Grapefruit |One cup of grapefruit |Potassium – 320 mg |Vitamin A – 2132 IU | |[pic] |sections contains 1. 45 |Phosphorus – 18 mg |Vitamin B1 (thiamine) – 0. 083 mg | | |grams of protein, 74 |Magnesium – 18 mg |Vitamin B2 (riboflavin) – 0. 046 mg | | |calories and 2. grams |Calcium – 28 mg |Niacin – 0. 575 mg | | |of dietary fiber. |Iron – 0. 21 mg |Folate – 23 mcg | | | |Selenium 0. 7 mcg |Pantothenic Acid – 0. 651 mg | | | |Manganese – 0. 028 mg |Vitamin B6 – 0. 097 mg | | | |Copper – 0. 08 mg |Vitamin C – 79. 1 mg | | | |Zinc – 0. 16 mg |Vitamin E – 0. 3 mg | | | |Also contains small amount s of other |Contains some other vitamins in small| | | |minerals. |amounts. | |Grapes |One cup of grapes |Potassium – 288 mg |Vitamin A – 100 IU | |[pic] |contains 1. 9 gram of |Phosphorus – 30 mg |Vitamin B1 (thiamine) – 0. 104 mg | | |protein, 104 calories |Magnesium – 11 mg |Vitamin B2 (riboflavin) – 0. 106 mg | | |and 1. 4 grams of |Calcium – 15 mg |Niacin – 0. 284 mg | | |dietary fiber. |Sodium – 3 mg |Folate – 3 mcg | | | |Iron – 0. 4 mg |Pantothenic Acid – 0. 076 mg | | | |Selenium 0. 2 mcg |Vitamin B6 – 0. 13 mg | | | |Manganese – 0. 107 mg |Vitamin C – 16. 3 mg | | | |Copper – 0. 192 mg |Vitamin E – 0. 29 mg | | | |Zinc – 0. 1 mg |Vitamin K – 22 mcg | | | |Also contains small amounts of other |Contains some other vitamins in small| | | |minerals. |amounts. | |Guava |One cup of fresh guava |Potassium – 688 mg |Vitamin A – 1030 IU | |[pic] |contains 4. 21 grams of |Phosphorus – 66 mg |Vitamin B1 (thiamine) – 0. 11 mg | | |protein, 112 calories |Magnesium – 36 mg |Vitamin B2 (riboflavin) – 0. 066 mg | | |and 8. 9 grams of |Calcium – 30 mg |Niacin – 1. 789 mg | | |dietary fiber. |Sodium – 3 mg |Folate – 81 mcg | | | |Iron – 0. 43 mg |Pantothenic Acid – 0. 744 mg | | | |Selenium 1 mcg |Vitamin B6 – 0. 81 mg | | | |Manganese – 0. 247 mg |Vitamin C – 376. 7 mg | | | |Copper – 0. 38 mg |Vitamin E – 1. 2 mg | | | |Zinc – 0. 38 mg |Vitamin K – 4. 3 mcg | | | |Also contains small amounts of other |Contains some other vitamins in small| | | |minerals. amounts. | |Kiwi |One medium kiwi (69 |Potassium – 215 mg |Vitamin A – 60 IU | |[pic] |grams) contains 0. 79 |Phosphorus – 23 mg |Vitamin B1 (thiamine) – 0. 019 mg | | |grams protein, 42 |Magnesium – 12 mg |Vitamin B2 (r iboflavin) – 0. 017 mg | | |calories and 2. 1 grams |Calcium – 23 mg |Niacin – 0. 235 mg | | |of dietary fiber. Sodium – 2 mg |Folate – 17 mcg | | | |Iron – 0. 21 mg |Pantothenic Acid – 0. 126 mg | | | |Selenium 0. 1 mcg |Vitamin B6 – 0. 043 mg | | | |Manganese – 0. 068 mg |Vitamin C – 64 mg | | | |Copper – 0. 9 mg |Vitamin E – 1. 01 mg | | | |Zinc – 0. 1 mg |Vitamin K – 27. 8 mcg | | | |Also contains small amounts of other |Contains some other vitamins in small| | | |minerals. |amounts. | |Lemon |One lemon without peel |Potassium – 116 mg |Vitamin A – 18 IU | |[pic] |contains 0. 2 grams |Phosphorus – 13 mg |Vitamin B1 (thiamine) – 0. 034 mg | | |protein, 24 calories |Magnesium – 7 mg |Vitamin B2 (riboflavin) – 0. 017 mg | | |and 2. 4 grams of |Calcium – 22 mg |Niacin – 0. 084 mg | | |dietary fiber. |Sodium – 2 mg |Folate â €“ 9 mcg | | | |Iron – 0. mg |Pantothenic Acid – 0. 16 mg | | | |Selenium 0. 3 mcg |Vitamin B6 – 0. 067 mg | | | |Manganese – 0. 025 mg |Vitamin C – 44. 5 mg | | | |Copper – 0. 031 mg |Vitamin E – 0. 13 mg | | | |Zinc – 0. 5 mg |Contains some other vitamins in small| | | |Also contains small amounts of other |amounts. | | | |minerals. | | |Lime |One lime contains 0. 47 |Potassium – 68 mg |Vitamin A – 34 IU | |[pic] |grams of protein, 20 |Phosphorus – 12 mg |Vitamin B1 (thiamine) – 0. 02 mg | | |calories and 1. grams |Magnesium – 4 mg |Vitamin B2 (riboflavin) – 0. 013 mg | | |of dietary fiber. |Calcium – 22 mg |Niacin – 0. 134 mg | | | |Sodium – 1 mg |Folate – 5 mcg | | | |Iron – 0. 4 mg |Pantothenic Acid – 0. 145 mg | | | |Selenium 0. 3 mcg |Vitamin B6 – 0. 29 mg | | | |Manganese – 0. 005 mg |Vitamin C – 19. 5 mg | | | | Copper – 0. 044 mg |Vitamin E – 0. 15 mg | | | |Zinc – 0. 07 mg |Vitamin K – 0. 4 mcg | | | |Also contains small amounts of other |Contains some other vitamins in small| | | |minerals. amounts. | |Loganberries |One cup of frozen |Potassium – 213 mg |Vitamin A – 51 IU | |[pic] |loganberries contains |Phosphorus – 38 mg |Vitamin B1 (thiamine) – 0. 074 mg | | |2. 23 grams of protein, |Magnesium – 31 mg |Vitamin B2 (riboflavin) – 0. 05 mg | | |81 calories and 7. 8 |Calcium – 38 mg |Niacin – 1. 235 mg | | |grams of dietary fiber. Sodium – 1 mg |Folate – 38 mcg | | | |Iron – 0. 94 mg |Pantothenic Acid – 0. 359 mg | | | |Selenium 0. 3 mcg |Vitamin B6 – 0. 096 mg | | | |Manganese – 1. 833 mg |Vitamin C – 22. 5 mg | | | |Copper – 0. 172 mg |Vitamin E – 1. 8 mg | | | |Zinc – 0. 5 mg |Vitamin K – 11. 5 mcg | | | |Also contains small am ounts of other |Contains some other vitamins in small| | | |minerals. |amounts. | |Lychee |One cup of fresh |Potassium – 325 mg |Vitamin B1 (thiamine) – 0. 021 mg | |[pic] |lychees contains 1. 58 |Phosphorus – 59 mg |Vitamin B2 (riboflavin) – 0. 23 mg | | |grams of protein, 125 |Magnesium – 19 mg |Niacin – 1. 146 mg | | |calories and 2. 5 grams |Calcium – 10 mg |Folate – 27 mcg | | |of dietary fiber. |Sodium – 2 mg |Vitamin B6 – 0. 19 mg | | | |Iron – 0. 59 mg |Vitamin C – 135. 8 mg | | | |Selenium 1. 1 mcg |Vitamin E – 0. 3 mg | | | |Manganese – 0. 104 mg |Vitamin K – 0. 08 mcg | | | |Copper – 0. 281 mg |Contains some other vitamins in small| | | |Zinc – 0. 13 mg |amounts. | | | |Also contains small amounts of other | | | | |minerals. | |Mango |One mango without peel |Potassium – 323 mg |Vitamin A – 1584 IU | |[pic] |contains 1. 06 grams of |Phosphoru s – 23 mg |Vitamin B1 (thiamine) – 0. 12 mg | | |protein, 135 calories |Magnesium – 19 mg |Vitamin B2 (riboflavin) – 0. 118 mg | | |and 3. 7 grams of |Calcium – 21 mg |Niacin – 1. 209 mg | | |dietary fiber. Sodium – 4 mg |Folate – 29 mcg | | | |Iron – 0. 27 mg |Pantothenic Acid – 0. 331 mg | | | |Selenium 1. 2 mcg |Vitamin B6 – 0. 227 mg | | | |Manganese – 0. 056 mg |Vitamin C – 57. 3 mg | | | |Copper – 0. 228 mg |Vitamin E – 2. 2 mg | | | |Zinc – 0. 08 mg |Vitamin K – 8. 7 mcg | | | |Also contains small amounts of other |Contains some other vitamins in small| | | |minerals. |amounts. | |Mulberries |One cup of fresh |Potassium – 272 mg |Vitamin A – 35 IU | |[pic] |mulberries contains |Phosphorus – 53 mg |Vitamin B1 (thiamine) – 0. 41 mg | | |2. 02 grams of protein |Magnesium – 25 mg |Vitamin B2 (riboflavin) – 0. 141 mg | | | and 2. 4 grams of |Calcium – 55 mg |Niacin – 0. 868 mg | | |dietary fiber. |Sodium – 14 mg |Folate – 8 mcg | | | |Iron – 2. 59 mg |Vitamin B6 – 0. 07 mg | | | |Selenium 0. mcg |Vitamin C – 51 mg | | | |Copper – 0. 084 mg |Vitamin E – 1. 22 mg | | | |Zinc – 0. 17 mg |Vitamin K – 10. 9 mcg | | | |Also contains small amounts of other |Contains some other vitamins in small| | | |minerals. |amounts. |Nectarine |One cup of sliced fresh|Potassium – 287 mg |Vitamin A – 475 IU | |[pic] |nectarine contains 1. 52|Phosphorus – 37 mg |Vitamin B1 (thiamine) – 0. 049 mg | | |grams of protein, 63 |Magnesium – 13 mg |Vitamin B2 (riboflavin) – 0. 039 mg | | |calories and 2. 4 grams |Calcium – 9 mg |Niacin – 1. 609 mg | | |of dietary fiber. |Iron – 0. mg |Folate – 7 mcg | | | |Manganese – 0. 077 mg |Pantothenic Acid – 0. 265 mg | | | |Copper à ¢â‚¬â€œ 0. 123 mg |Vitamin B6 – 0. 036 mg | | | |Zinc – 0. 24 mg |Vitamin C – 7. 7 mg | | | |Also contains small amounts of other |Vitamin E – 1. mg | | | |minerals. |Vitamin K – 3. 1 mcg | | | | |Contains some other vitamins in small| | | | |amounts. | |Olives |One tablespoon of ripe |Potassium – 1 mg |Vitamin A – 34 IU | |[pic] |olives contains 0. 07 |Calcium – 7 mg |Niacin – 0. 03 mg | | |grams of protein, 10 |Sodium – 73 mg |Pantothenic Acid – 0. 001 mg | | |calories and 0. 3 grams |Iron – 0. 28 mg |Vitamin B6 – 0. 001 mg | | |of dietary fiber. |Selenium 0. 1 mcg |Vitamin C – 0. 1 mg | | | |Manganese – 0. 002 mg |Vitamin E – 0. 14 mg | | | |Copper – 0. 21 mg |Vitamin K – 0. 1 mcg | | | |Zinc – 0. 02 mg |Contains some other vitamins in small| | | |Also contains small amounts of other |amounts. | | | |minerals. | | |Orange |One medium orange |Potassi um – 237 mg |Vitamin A – 295 IU | |[pic] |contains 1. 3 grams of |Phosphorus – 18 mg |Vitamin B1 (thiamine) – 0. 114 mg | | |protein, 62 calories |Magnesium – 13 mg |Vitamin B2 (riboflavin) – 0. 052 mg | | |and 3. 1 grams of |Calcium – 52 mg |Niacin – 0. 369 mg | | |dietary fiber. |Iron – 0. 13 mg |Folate – 39 mcg | | | |Selenium 0. 7 mcg |Pantothenic Acid – 0. 28 mg | | | |Manganese – 0. 033 mg |Vitamin B6 – 0. 079 mg | | | |Copper – 0. 059 mg |Vitamin C – 69. 7 mg | | | |Zinc – 0. 09 mg |Vitamin E – 0. 24 mg | | | |Also contains small amounts of other |Contains some other vitamins in small| | | |minerals. amounts. | |Papaya |One cup of cubed fresh |Potassium – 360 mg |Vitamin A – 1532 IU | |[pic] |papaya contains 0. 85 |Phosphorus – 7 mg |Vitamin B1 (thiamine) – 0. 038 mg | | |grams of protein, 55 |Magnesium – 14 mg |Vitamin B2 ( riboflavin) – 0. 045 mg | | |calories and 2. 5 grams |Calcium – 34 mg |Niacin – 0. 473 mg | | |of dietary fiber. Sodium – 4 mg |Folate – 53 mcg | | | |Iron – 0. 14 mg |Pantothenic Acid – 0. 305 mg | | | |Selenium 0. 8 mcg |Vitamin B6 – 0. 027 mg | | | |Zinc – 0. 1 mg |Vitamin C – 86. 5 mg | | | |Manganese – 0. 015 mg |Vitamin E – 1. 2 mg | | | |Copper – 0. 022 mg |Vitamin K – 3. 6 mcg | | | |Also contains small amounts of other |Contains some other vitamins in small| | | |minerals. |amounts. | |Passionfruit |One cup of fresh |Potassium – 821 mg |Vitamin A – 3002 IU | |[pic] |passion fruit contains |Phosphorus – 160 mg |Vitamin B2 (riboflavin) – 0. 07 mg | | |5. 19 grams of protein, |Magnesium – 68 mg |Niacin – 3. 54 mg | | |229 calories and 24. 5 |Calcium – 28 mg |Folate – 33 mcg | | |grams of dietary fiber. |Sodium – 66 mg |Vitamin B6 – 0. 236 mg | | | |Iron – 3. 78 mg |Vitamin C – 70. mg | | | |Selenium 1. 4 mcg |Vitamin E – 0. 05 mg | | | |Copper – 0. 203 mg |Vitamin K – 1. 7 mcg | | | |Zinc – 0. 24 mg |Contains some other vitamins in small| | | |Also contains small amounts of other |amounts. | | | |minerals. | |Peach |One medium peach (with |Potassium – 285 mg |Vitamin A – 489 IU | |[pic] |skin) contains 1. 36 |Phosphorus – 30 mg |Vitamin B1 (thiamine) – 0. 036 mg | | |grams of protein, 58 |Magnesium – 14 mg |Vitamin B2 (riboflavin) – 0. 047 mg | | |calories and 2. 2 grams |Calcium – 9 mg |Niacin – 1. 209 mg | | |dietary fiber. Iron – 0. 38 mg |Folate – 6 mcg | | | |Selenium 0. 1 mcg |Pantothenic Acid – 0. 229 mg | | | |Manganese – 0. 091 mg |Vitamin B6 – 0. 037 mg | | | |Copper – 0. 102 mg |Vitamin C – 9. 9 mg | | | |Zinc – 0. 26 mg |Vitam in E – 1. 9 mg | | | |Also contains small amounts of other |Vitamin K – 3. 9 mcg | | | |minerals. |Contains some other vitamins in small| | | | |amounts. | |Pear |One medium pear |Potassium – 212 mg |Vitamin A – 41 IU | |[pic] |contains 0. 68 grams of |Phosphorus – 20 mg |Vitamin B1 (thiamine) – 0. 21 mg | | |protein, 103 calories |Magnesium – 12 mg |Vitamin B2 (riboflavin) – 0. 045 mg | | |and 5. 5 grams dietary |Calcium -16 mg |Niacin – 0. 279 mg | | |fiber. |Sodium – 2 mg |Folate – 12 mcg | | | |Iron – 0. 3 mg |Pantothenic Acid – 0. 085 mg | | | |Selenium 0. 2 mcg |Vitamin B6 – 0. 5 mg | | | |Manganese – 0. 087 mg |Vitamin C – 7. 5 mg | | | |Copper – 0. 146 mg |Vitamin E – 0. 21 mg | | | |Zinc – 0. 18 mg |Vitamin K – 8 mcg | | | |Also contains small amounts of other |Contains some other vitamins in small| | | |minerals. amounts. | |Persimmon |One fresh persimmon |Potassium – 78 mg |Vitamin C – 16. 5 mg | |[pic] |contains 0. 2 grams of |Phosphorus – 6 mg |Contains some other vitamins in small| | |protein and 32 |Calcium – 7 mg |amounts. | | |calories. |Iron – 0. 2 mg | | | | |Also contains small amounts of other | | | | |minerals. | | |Pineapple |One cup of fresh |Potassium – 180 mg |Vitamin A – 96 IU | |[pic] |pineapple chunks |Phosphorus – 13 mg |Vitamin B1 (thiamine) – 0. 13 mg | | |contains 0. 9 grams of |Magnesium – 20 mg |Vitamin B2 (riboflavin) – 0. 053 mg | | |protein, 82 calories |Calcium -21 mg |Niacin – 0. 825 mg | | |and 2. 3 grams of |Sodium – 2 mg |Folate – 30 mcg | | |dietary fiber. |Iron – 0. 48 mg |Pantothenic Acid – 0. 351 mg | | | |Selenium 0. 2 mcg |Vitamin B6 – 0. 85 mg | | | |Manganese – 1. 53 mg |Vitamin C – 78. 9 mg | | | |Copper – 0. 181 mg |Vitamin E  œ 0. 03 mg | | | |Zinc – 0. 2 mg |Vitamin K – 1. 2 mcg | | | |Also contains small amounts of other |Contains some other vitamins in small| | | |minerals. amounts. | |Plum |One cup of sliced, |Potassium – 259 mg |Vitamin A – 569 IU | |[pic] |fresh plums contains |Phosphorus – 26 mg |Vitamin B1 (thiamine) – 0. 046 mg | | |1. 15 grams of protein, |Magnesium – 12 mg |Vitamin B2 (riboflavin) – 0. 043 mg | | |76 calories and 2. 3 |Calcium – 10 mg |Niacin – 0. 688 mg | | |grams dietary fiber. Iron – 0. 28 mg |Folate – 8 mcg | | | |Manganese – 0. 086 mg |Pantothenic Acid – 0. 223 mg | | | |Copper – 0. 094 mg |Vitamin B6 – 0. 048 mg | | | |Zinc – 0. 17 mg |Vitamin C – 15. 7 mg | | | |Also contains small amounts of other |Vitamin E – 0. 3 mg | | | |minerals. |Vitamin K – 10. 6 mcg | | | | |Contains some other vitamins in small| | | | |amounts. | |Pomegran ate |One fresh pomegranate |Potassium – 666 mg |Vitamin B1 (thiamine) – 0. 189 mg | |[pic] |contains 4. 71 grams of |Phosphorus – 102 mg |Vitamin B2 (riboflavin) – 0. 49 mg | | |protein, 234 calories |Magnesium – 34 mg |Niacin – 0. 826 mg | | |and 11. 3 grams dietary |Calcium – 28 mg |Folate – 107 mcg | | |fiber. |Sodium – 8 mg |Pantothenic Acid – 1. 063 mg | | | |Iron – 0. 85 mg |Vitamin B6 – 0. 211 mg | | | |Selenium 1. mcg |Vitamin C – 28. 8 mg | | | |Manganese – 0. 336 mg |Vitamin E – 1. 69 mg | | | |Copper – 0. 446 mg |Vitamin K – 46. 2 mcg | | | |Zinc – 0. 99 mg |Contains some other vitamins in small| | | |Also contains small amounts of other |amounts. | | |minerals. | | |Prickly Pear |One cup of raw prickly |Potassium – 328 mg |Vitamin A – 64 IU | |[pic] |pears contains 1. 09 |Phosphorus – 36 mg |Vitamin B1 (thiamine) – 0. 0 21 mg | | |grams of protein, 61 |Magnesium – 127 mg |Vitamin B2 (riboflavin) – 0. 089 mg | | |calories and 5. 4 grams |Calcium – 83 mg |Niacin – 0. 85 mg | | |dietary fiber. |Sodium – 7 mg |Vitamin B6 – 0. 089 mg | | | |Iron – 0. 45 mg |Folate – 9 mcg | | | |Selenium 0. 9 mcg |Vitamin C – 20. 9 mg | | | |Copper – 0. 119 mg |Contains some other vitamins in small| | | |Zinc – 0. 8 mg |amounts. | | | |Also contains small amounts of other | | | | |minerals. | | |Raisins |One small box of |Potassium – 322 mg |Vitamin B1 (thiamine) – 0. 046 mg | |[pic] |raisins (1. 5 ozs) |Phosphorus – 43 mg |Vitamin B2 (riboflavin) – 0. 054 mg | | |contains 1. 2 grams of |Magnesium – 14 mg |Niacin – 0. 329 mg | | |protein, 129 calories |Calcium – 22 mg |Folate – 2 mcg | | |and 1. 6 grams dietary |Sodium – 5 mg |Pantothenic Acid – 0. 041 mg | | |fiber. |Iron â €“ 0. 81 mg |Vitamin B6 – 0. 075 mg | | | |Selenium 0. mcg |Vitamin C – 1 mg | | | |Manganese – 0. 129 mg |Vitamin E – 0. 05 mg | | | |Copper – 0. 137 mg |Vitamin K – 1. 5 mcg | | | |Zinc – 0. 09 mg |Contains some other vitamins in small| | | |Also contains small amounts of other |amounts. | | | |minerals. | |Raspberries |One cup of fresh |Potassium – 186 mg |Vitamin A – 41 IU | |[pic] |raspberries contains |Phosphorus – 36 mg |Vitamin B1 (thiamine) – 0. 039 mg | | |1. 48 grams of protein, |Magnesium – 27 mg |Vitamin B2 (riboflavin) – 0. 047 mg | | |64 calories and 8 grams|Calcium – 31 mg |Niacin – 0. 736 mg | | |dietary fiber. Sodium – 1 mg |Folate – 26 mcg | | | |Iron – 0. 85 mg |Pantothenic Acid – 0. 405 mg | | | |Selenium 0. 2 mcg |Vitamin B6 – 0. 068 mg | | | |Manganese – 0. 824 mg |Vitamin C – 32. 2 mg | | | |Copper †“ 0. 111 mg |Vitamin E – 1. 7 mg | | | |Zinc – 0. 52 mg |Vitamin K – 9. 6 mcg | | | |Also contains small amounts of other |Contains some other vitamins in small| | | |minerals. |amounts. | |Starfruit aka Carambola |One cup of fresh |Potassium – 176 mg |Vitamin A – 81 IU | |[pic] |starfruit contains 1. 37|Phosphorus – 16 mg |Vitamin B1 (thiamine) – 0. 18 mg | | |grams of protein, 41 |Magnesium – 13 mg |Vitamin B2 (riboflavin) – 0. 021 mg | | |calories and 3. 7 grams |Calcium – 4 mg |Niacin – 0. 484 mg | | |dietary fiber. |Sodium – 3 mg |Folate – 16 mcg | | | |Iron – 0. 11 mg |Pantothenic Acid – 0. 516 mg | | | |Selenium 0. mcg |Vitamin B6 – 0. 022 mg | | | |Manganese – 0. 049 mg |Vitamin C – 45. 4 mg | | | |Copper – 0. 181 mg |Vitamin E – 0. 2 mg | | | |Zinc – 0. 16 mg |Contains some other vitamins in small| | | |Also contains small amou nts of other |amounts. | | |minerals. | | |Strawberry |One cup of whole |Potassium – 220 mg |Vitamin A – 17 IU | |[pic] |strawberries contains |Phosphorus – 35 mg |Vitamin B1 (thiamine) – 0. 035 mg | | |0. 96 grams of protein, |Magnesium – 19 mg |Vitamin B2 (riboflavin) – 0. 032 mg | | |46 calories and 2. 9 |Calcium – 23 mg |Niacin – 0. 56 mg | | |grams of dietary fiber. |Sodium – 1 mg |Folate – 35 mcg | | | |Iron – 0. 59 mg |Pantothenic Acid – 0. 18 mg | | | |Selenium 0. 6 mcg |Vitamin B6 – 0. 068 mg | | | |Manganese – 0. 556 mg |Vitamin C – 84. 7 mg | | | |Copper – 0. 69 mg |Vitamin E – 0. 42 mg | | | |Zinc – 0. 2 mg |Vitamin K – 3. 2 mcg | | | |Also contains small amounts of other |Contains some other vitamins in small| | | |minerals. |amounts. | |Tomato |One medium tomato |Potassium – 292 mg |Vitamin A – 1025 IU | |[pic] |contains 1. 8 grams of |Phosphorus – 30 mg |Vitamin B1 (thiamine) – 0. 046 mg | | |protein, 22 calories |Magnesium – 14 mg |Vitamin B2 (riboflavin) – 0. 023 mg | | |and 1. 5 grams of fiber. |Calcium – 12 mg |Niacin – 0. 731 mg | | | |Sodium – 6 mg |Folate – 18 mcg | | | |Iron – 0. 33 mg |Pantothenic Acid – 0. 09 mg | | | |Manganese – 0. 14 mg |Vitamin B6 – 0. 098 mg | | | |Copper – 0. 073 mg |Vitamin C – 15. 6 mg | | | |Zinc – 0. 21 mg |Vitamin E – 0. 66 mg | | | |Also contains small amounts of other |Vitamin K – 9. 7 mcg | | | |minerals. Contains some other vitamins in small| | | | |amounts. | |Watermelon |I medium wedge (slice) |Potassium – 320 mg |Vitamin A – 1627 IU | |[pic] |of watermelon (about 2 |Phosphorus – 31 mg |Vitamin B1 (thiamine) – 0. 094 mg | | |cups edible portion) |Magnesium – 29 mg |Vitamin B2 (riboflavin) – 0. 06 mg | | |contains 1. 4 grams of |Calcium – 20 mg |Niacin – 0. 509 mg | | |protein, 86 calories |Sodium – 3 mg |Folate – 9 mcg | | |and 1. 1 grams of |Iron – 0. 69 mg |Pantothenic Acid – 0. 632 mg | | |dietary fiber. |Selenium 1. 1 mcg |Vitamin B6 – 0. 129 mg | | | |Manganese – 0. 09 mg |Vitamin C – 23. 2 mg | | | |Copper – 0. 12 mg |Vitamin E – 0. 14 mg | | | |Zinc – 0. 29 mg |Vitamin K – 0. 3 mcg | | |

Definitions Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 1

Definitions - Assignment Example Syllabus typically, is a document that contains the entire plans of the course. It includes the rationale for the course, topics to be covered, and resources to be used. In addition, a syllabus encompasses the assignments to be handed out, the strategies recommended for teaching, and the goals to be achieved at the end of the course. A content outline is almost similar to a curriculum. Given that teaching consists of content coverage, which is clearly sketched out in the curriculum, then they a content outline and a curriculum are synonymous in the definition and execution. Standards are often used to describe what the students should be able to do by the time they are done with a particular course. In some cases, the standards also describe the processes aimed towards attaining the present learning outcomes. They prioritize all the ideas that are elemental to the discipline. These are the instructional materials used as a guide for classroom materials. They normally comprise of the instructional materials that are relevant to that particular level of the learning process. It is essential that instructional materials are standardized (Pinar, 2013). Official curriculum is the curriculum that has been officially approved by the school. In the curriculum area; all the goals, targets, strategies and instructional materials. It is always advisable to follow the curriculum to the letter, and slight deviations attract hefty punishments. A good example is that of a teacher who was arrested in Houston, Texas for teaching his students things that were not in the syllabus. He was placed on a three-year probationary period. Consists of what is essentially taught by the tutor and how its significance is communicated to the student. In other words, it involves how the students know that what they are being taught â€Å"counts†. It has two aspects, first is the content the teacher teaches and the standards or outcomes for which the students are held

Response Paper Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Response Paper - Assignment Example The theme of the article is geographical structure of river of Colorado and the flooding nature of the river .The article describes about the disastrous effect of the river on the lives of the residents of the valley. The article unleashes the studies and research done to understand the flooding nature of the Colorado River. The theme of the entire article is the river flooding and its effect on people.The questions which can be raised regarding this reading are : The authors of this article are climatologists of America and are expertise in their field. They are also environmentalist who studies the varying condition of environment and its effect on the inhabitants of native land. This research study is a combined effort of scientist and other experts of scientific world. The authors have put great effort in conducting the research and also have considered many facts while studying the issue. The key words here are natives, climate, economic condition, and environment. The article is all about the environmental condition of Native American land and it effect on the indigenous people. The theme of the article is the environmental condition and the effect of it on their livelihood the researchers in this article discuss about the importance of cultural sites, wild life and natural resources. The article studies about the adverse effect of climate and weather condition and the effect of it on the economy of native people. The questions which can be raised regarding this reading are : Vulnerability of Pyramid Lake Indian Water Rights under Climate Change: Analysis of Perception, Power, and Influencer ability of Pyramid Lake Indian Water Rights under Climate Change: Analysis of Perception, Power, and Influence This article which is also about geological nature has many authors to it and also the article is a combined effort from them.

Constitutional Issues Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Constitutional Issues - Term Paper Example Her participation in this peaceful demonstration was more than moral—it was admirable and spirited and patriotic. There is an infringement of constitutional privileges of Lisa thus she stands a chance of getting legal remedy from courts. The court is one organ that must ensure the constitution is adhered to and respected by all. To extent, NRP events do not warranty constitutional uproar. This is because according to the NPR spokeswoman Anna Christopher; Simeone actions were against NPR's morals code. The code provides that "NPR journalists may not partake in marches and rallies" concerning issues NPR covers. The code notes that some requirements may not concern to outside providers. It uses an outworker who principally contributes arts reporting as an example. In the precedent year, NPR has come under inquiry for its dismissal of news forecaster Juan Williams after he supposed on Fox News that he was challenging on a plane with somebody wearing clothing that spots them as Mus lim. At the moment, NPR said William’s remarks violated its code of ethics by engaging in media "that support punditry and rumor rather than fact-based investigation." The system has been sensitive to allegations that it carries an open-minded bias. An NPR chief administrative was forced to quit; after a conventional activist posted a film online of NPR's chief charity performance, complaining about the tea party's pressure on the Republican Party. The case is a code of ethics verses constitution freedom. What is in the text of the Constitution that gives the Supreme Court authority under the Constitution to review an act of Congress? Section 2 of the constitution grants the Supreme Court unique jurisdiction in cases involving ambassadors, congress and consuls. It is true that the constitution grants that we have the right of free speech, however, that right is not unrestricted. It has frequently been curtailed in situations which generate a danger to others and when the comm unication defames others; as declared in libel and slander laws. This law, however, does not advocate infringing free speech; it advocates that our voted officials utilize their free speech rights in a responsible manner. What constitutional doctrine gives the Court the power to interpret whether the act is a valid exercise of Congressional power? In some cases, the Supreme Court has merely appellate jurisdiction that may be checked by the Congress. The legislative body may not, however, alter the Court's original jurisdiction, as was established in Marbury v. Madison, 5 United States Cranch 1803; the same verdict which established the code of judicial review. Marbury apprehended that Congress can neither increase nor restrict the inventive jurisdiction of the Supreme courtyard (Epstein, Walker & Thomas, 2007, pp 451). However, the appellate authority of the Court is diverse. The Court's appellate authority is given "with such exemptions, and under such system as the Congress shall constitute. What is in the text of the Constitution that may be argued to give Congress the power to enact the health care law? A provision of the foundation recognized as the â€Å"commerce clause† offers Congress power to â€Å"control commerce among the numerous states.† There is a long stripe of Supreme Court decisions making that Congress has wide power to enact laws that considerably affect prices, market locations,

Planning personal finance Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Planning personal finance - Essay Example The traditional lifecycle investing theory that was authored by Modigliani and Miller, holds that every individual will pass through several lifecycle stages, within which then needs for investment are different (Brigham & Houston, 200, pp. 73-4).   The first stage is when younger, exists the ‘accumulation phase’ (between 20’s and 30’s age periods), when the person is capable of investing in greater risk assets as well as follow an aggressive strategy of investment, designed to attain maximum longer term growth.   The second stage of lifecycle, is known as the ‘consolidation phase’, a middle life stage (between 40’s and 50’s age periods), during which the person has stopped working and is depending on the income as well as capital accumulated during the first two stages of life. The third and final stage is the ‘gifting phase’, (between 80’s and 90’s age periods) within which persons who have already accumulated a greater amount of wealth than they require for their own lifetimes, make a decision to of passing on some of their assets to others – maybe as a charitable donation or an inheritance (Brigham & Houston, 2001, pp. 74-5).   According to this theory, individuals go through these phases of life, their investment objectives and needs change significantly and, even though they were capable of holding mostly risk carrying assets in their youthful years (the theory depends mostly on equities, for maximizing long-term growth), the person needs to eradicate most investment peril as they age up.

In different ways Beckett and Heaney are both concerned with the Essay

In different ways Beckett and Heaney are both concerned with the limits of communication in their works. Discuss, with reference to Becketts Waiting for Godo - Essay Example On the other hand, there are those who consider the play to be confusing, lacking the ability to communicate with the viewers and without any deeper meaning than is presented prima facie. However, as a tragicomedy, it can be seen to communicate elements of both tragedies and comedies (Beckett, 1952). The hint in the subtitle communicates to the viewers that they should seek out tragic meanings in the comic parts and leads the audience to pay greater attention towards situational humor in the tragic parts of the play. The combination of tragedy and comedy is perhaps the greatest genius of this play and the way it communicates meaning to the audience. Considering the elements of a tragedy we can observe ideas like the death of a hero, an error in judgment made by a character, a character who suffers greatly, a separation from friends and a complete loss of hope. A comedy could give us images like the endurance of a hero, the joy of success, pleasure at reunion and the hero coming over great odds to win a wonderful victory. Clearly, all these elements are present in the play and are worked into situations and conversations between the characters with great skill (Beckett, 1952). However, Beckett does show that the communication of a message is not an easy task since the play is often quite mixed in the message it gives to the audience. For instance, while the heroes are planning to hang themselves, they are also able to think about getting an erection. Not only are they able to think about it, but Estragon is actually quite excited about the hanging since it could lead to an erection. Another element of a comedy comes in as ‘hope’ where they decide to continue waiting for Godot before going further with the idea of hanging themselves (Beckett, 1952). What the audience gets as a communication from Beckett is that the seeking of death to end misery is a perfect element of a

Sale of goods and agency Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Sale of goods and agency - Essay Example In the given case, Kangaroo Developments entered into a contract of sale with Libby’s wines on 20th January. The delivery of 200 bottles of Queensland Plonk was to be on 1st February by Libby’s wines on the premises of Kangaroo Developments. Libby’s wine had 700 bottles in their stock from which 200 bottles had to be separated to be delivered to Kangaroo Developments. The 200 bottles, while not separated, were general goods. In order to become ascertained goods, they had to be separated. The agreement was made on 20th January but the transfer of property had not yet been made. According to Sale of Goods Act, 1979, S.18 (Rule 2), â€Å"Where there is a contract for the sale of specific goods and the seller is bound to do something to the goods for the purpose of putting them into a deliverable state, the property does not pass until the thing is done and the buyer has notice that it has been done.† According to the given facts, Libby’s wines had sepa rated 200 bottles on 20th January and marked them to be delivered to Kangaroo Developments. There is no information in the given facts whether Kangaroo Developments had the knowledge that 200 bottles had been separated; hence ascertained. The manager put the bottles back after two hours of their separation. By the 1st of February, Libby’s wine had been liquidated. Assuming that Kangaroo Developments had no knowledge of the separation of 200 bottles, it would mean that the goods were never ascertained. Therefore, no transfer of property had taken place and the risk in them remained with Libby’s wines. In this case, since Kangaroo Developments had already paid the price of bottles to Libby’s wines, they would be entitled to recover the price. They would not be entitled to recovery of 200 bottles since the title was never shifted. On the other hand, if Kangaroo Developments had the knowledge that the goods were separated to be delivered to them, the goods would hav e been said to have ascertained and the transfer of property would have deemed to be made. In this case, Kangaroo Developments would have been able to recover the bottles if the courts were convinced that despite the liquidation of Libby’s wines, the delivery of 200 bottles was possible. It is because the title of the bottles and the risk in them had been transferred when they were separated. If the liquidation of Libby’s wines had made the delivery impossible, then Kangaroo Developments would only have been able to recover the price. In Underwood Ltd v Burgh Castle Brick and Cement Syndicate, the plaintiffs made an agreement to sell a horizontal tandem condensing engine to the defendants. The engine had to be dismantled. After it was dismantled but before it could be delivered, the bed plate of the engine was broken accidently. The defendants refused to accept the engine. The plaintiffs sued. It was held that the defendants were entitled to reject the engine because t he engine was not ascertained as the defendants did not have the knowledge about that fact. Therefore, the title was not transferred. Therefore, by the application of S.18 of Sale of Goods Act, 1979 and Underwood Ltd v Burgh Castle Brick and Cement Syndicate, Kangaroo Development would only be able to recover the price if they did not have the knowledge of 200 bottles being separated. The property in goods and the risk in them would remain with Libby’s wines. Against William and Sons According to the given facts, Kangaroo Developments contracted to purchase 500 branded coffee mugs from William and Sons. Each mug was required to be printed with Kangaroo Development’s logo. In this case, the subject matter is future goods. According to S.18 of Sale of Goods Act, 1979, the property in goods would transfer to Kangaroo Developments when the printing of logos is done and they have the notice of it. Here, again, the transfer of property hinges on the affirmation of the fact w hether Kangaroo

Starting a Business Online, Part 1 Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Starting a Business Online, Part 1 - Assignment Example It is composed of data exchange in order to facilitate the payment and financing aspects of business transactions (Robinson, 2010). My local clothing store will obviously fetch me advantages when I turn it into an e-commerce. However, am likely to experience some limitations as well. The invention of powerful online tools and fast and quick internet connectivity has brought about new arena of commerce. This is what my clothing line is turning to when I take it online. From a SWOT analysis I carried out, I will gain various advantages including: Easy to begin and manage the business Easy access of the products as well as faster selling and buying procedures Selling and buying is done twenty four hours No costs of company set ups are incurred Better quality products and services as well as low costs of operation There are no geographical limitations Product or service selection is easily done without physically moving around to providers The visibility of search engine makes it easy to get more customers Cost effective marketing and advertising through social media Virtual store visits by customers eliminating travel cost and time Facilitates comparable shopping by customers Provide for coupons, bargains, deals and group buying Provision for abundant product and service information Targeted communication is created between stores and customers enhancing customer service Niche products can easily be located by the customers Economical in terms of infrastructure and insurance investment Creation of knowledge markets (Olsen, 2010). On the other hand, I am likely to experience specific limitations associated with e-commerce. As a clothing line, I suspect the following disadvantages: Customers have had bad experience with fraudulent site and may not be willing to buy products online. Customers fear lack of guarantee of the quality of the products E-commerce is prone to attack by hackers There may be poor customer loyalty due to minimum company to customer direct inter action Total business processes may be negatively affected by mechanical failures Lack of personal touch with customers and other businesses Delays in products delivery to customers and may result into customers demoralization Customers do not get to experience goods before delivery after purchase Financial security concerns are likely to be experienced by customers paying via credit cards Computer viruses may cause delays, storage problems, and file backups leading to customer inconveniences Stiff competition with the large scale businesses that have brand loyalty may lead to constant losses There may be need for electronic malls as intermediaries to guarantee the legitimacy of transactions since the business will be new online. Poor customer relations leading to poor customer loyalty Corporate vulnerability due to the availability of details and catalogs as well as information regarding the business to the competitors (Olsen, 2010) Electronic commerce faces various issues as it is considered an international commerce regardless of size. Issues to do with trust, language, culture, infrastructure, and government are likely to be faced by my clothing line. I will build trust with my customers through offering quality products to them and discounts on sale. I will also provide genuine websites with http to assure trustworthiness.

Impact of recently discovered hominins on the understanding of human Research Paper

Impact of recently discovered hominins on the understanding of human phylogeny and biology - Research Paper Example Scientists have called these early hominids as australopiths which is Latin for apes. Then starting around 2.3 million years ago, something curious happened. New hominids hit the scene, species that were subsequently christened homo, which is Latin for man. With the coming of these hominids, came the flattening of the snout and the shortening of the hook-like fingers of the australopiths, an evolutionary process that is assumed to have given birth to modern man (Homo sapiens). By approximately 1.8 million years ago, a species by the name Homo ergaster, which was about as tall as living humans, with stiff feet in its long legs that were only good for walking on the ground, hit the ground. Its brain on the other hand was only a third of our brain. This is how far the australopiths reached. What followed afterwards was the discovery of a group of species that were more man-like but with slight differences in their feature, species that have since assumed the name â€Å"Homo† whic h is Latin for man. A careful analysis of this narration reveals a missing link between the Australopiths (apes) and the homo (man). The big question that evolutionary scientist

Organized Crime Essay Example for Free

Organized Crime Essay Two thirds of all homicides in Omaha, NE are gang related. With an average of 40 homicides per year, without the gang activity in this city, 26 of them could be avoided. Founded in 1990 the 40th Street Crips are the oldest, most established gang in Omaha at this time. They are involved in every type of crime that is prevalent in Omaha from identity theft to homicides. This gangs has a negative effect on the people, businesses, and properties in their area. The 40th Street Crips qualify as an organized crime organization by displaying some of the attributes assigned to identify organized crime groups. This gang is the most active, dangerous, organized crime group in Omaha at this time their negative effects on the people and neighborhoods they prey on is felt throughout the whole community. The 40th Street Crips work out of an area in North Omaha near 40th and Bedford streets. Like the Crips in Los Angeles, CA, they can be identified by their blue handkerchief and athletic wear, they prefer BK tennis shoes as in the gang culture it stands for blood killer. (http://midwestgangs. tripod. com/id3. html) The Bloods are their rival gang. They are involved in several different types of crime in Omaha. In a personal phone interview with Bruce Ferrell, former Omaha Police Officer and current President of the Midwest Gang Investigators Association, he stated â€Å"they are involved in drive-bys, felony assaults, homicides, narcotic distribution, robberies, home invasions, identity theft, and auto theft. † (B. Ferrell, personal communication, March 13, 2013) Because of this gang, people in North Omaha live with fear and intimidation at all times. The businesses have a harder time being successful because people do not want to shop in North Omaha, as they are frightened. The property values are substantially lower in this area due to the 40th Street Crips activities. There are several attributes of organized crime that fit this group. (Abadinsky, 2009, p. 3-4) I have chosen the three most closely related to this gang. 1. Has no political goals. – This group’s main objective is money and power they are not motivated by any ideology.  Their goals are too make money through the commission of crimes and if they spread intimidation and fear in the commission of these crimes so much the better. 2. Exhibits a willingness to use illegal violence. – 40th Street Crips are the number one gang right now in Omaha for drive by shootings. Most of the members will kill someone for any slight perceived or real. 3. Perpetuates itself. – This gang has been active since 1990 and long ago cut its ties with the Los Angeles Crips. New gang members are often recruited from family and friends of current members. (Abadinsky, 2009, p. -4) There are several reasons to analyze and research this group, the number one reason is they are the most active and violent gang in Omaha at this time, conducting by far the most drive-bys and felony assaults. (B. Ferrell, personal communication, March 13, 2013) They are doing the most damage to the north Omaha youth by destroying their futures by bringing them into gangs. The actions they take are directly destructive to businesses and housing in North Omaha as they are lowering property values and making it hard to conduct business in an atmosphere of fear and intimidation. http://www. nationalgangcenter. gov/content/Impact-of-gangs-on-communities. pdf) The 40th Street Crips are a dangerous, violent well established gang in Omaha. Their actions are having negative effects on the communities and neighborhood that they are active in. The law enforcement officers in this city are taking every action possible to eliminate organized crime activity all over Omaha not just in north â€Å"O†. â€Å"We recognize there is too much violence in this town,† said 2010 Omaha Police Chief Alex Hayes. â€Å"It’s never going to be good (here) until it’s gone. † (Perez Jr. , 2010, para. 3)

A Problem in the American Education System Essay Example for Free

A Problem in the American Education System Essay This problem will have dire effects on those dropouts as well as other aspects such as financial and health problems. Many factors ultimately push the students off their path to a bachelors degree and end their dreams of ever becoming a doctor or maybe even a businessman. Along with those causes, there are serious consequences for those college dropouts. One effect that happens when a college student drops out of school would be that a huge debt must be paid back and since they dropped out it turn to be a wasted investment. Students looking to go to college, hen dropout have no answer to pay the money back which they were hoping to find a career with a college degree they wanted. Students often put a lot of money into college, thus putting them into debt. When the payments are finally too high for them they cannot afford to stay in school and all the money they put in is for naught. The students are under so much debt after dropping out and have nothing to show for it. That college degree they were hoping to receive at their graduation in non-existent which they were hoping to use as a tool in order to become successful. Who knows hat career a degree could have got them into, maybe a well-paying Job that would keep them from going broke from paying all the loans they used to go to school. All the money that could have been used in order to gain knowledge will be down the drain and the student now would have a harder time paying back those loans and supporting themselves. This also affects the schools and the taxpayers. All the money they are putting into paying and helping students with their schooling has nothing to showing for it. The millions of dollars that are being put into paving the way for the tudents financially do not pay off and instead money is lost. This slows down the whole country as there are less available new young workers to fill the positions of new work. Without a college degree, students earning potential are much lower than those of graduates. In order to pay off debts from loans to go to school and bills, students have to find a source of income and without a degree, finding a Job is much harder. Dropouts have a harder time finding a Job than those already with a degree. With a bachelors degree, it is easier to find Jobs as many opportunities are now open. A cause of college students dropping out is the amount they have to pay for just one semester. As many students do not even have a Job it is difficult for them to support themselves after paying for tuition and also pay for supplies they would later need for classes such as textbooks. A report from the Public Agenda for the Bill Melinda Gates Foundation shows the students from the ages of 22 to 30 years old shows state that their main reason for leaving school is their problems with financial stability. From my experience as of today even now I have a problem having to pay for school at CSULB. Luckily I have financial aid because without it I would it I dont think that I could have survived the first semester of college. Family problems such as having kids during school, or taking care of a sick family member could cause someone to leave college. Having to spend a large amount of time away from thing such as studying for an upcoming test really hurts the students in the long run. This hurts them because it keeps them preoccupied with things that they need to accomplish which is their dream of finding a career in their major and pursue it. Stress develops which may be from the numerous personal problems. Rising uition make students actually have to think about what they buy next. Most students already have to Juggle work and school at the same time Oohnson). I know for a fact that going to college is a hard task even now as a freshman, there is more homework and students have to pay for everything themselves. I understand why most students drop out because they cannot handle the pressure. Another cause for college dropouts is their scores on exams. Of course doing bad on a test will make students fail your class as this is already obvious. Lots of factors also cause students to do poorly on their exams such as stress and financial roblems One final cause for students leaving college early is their lack of motivation and preparation. As most students say their high schools did a poor Job in preparing them for their next step in life stated from a survey by Public Agenda (Crosseley). In college students have to manage their time socially and their time for school. Prioritizing this time is now critical of the all the times spent in school. Being bored really will not help you succeed in receiving a bachelors degree in your hand. For the many college students that attend today that go to college it may be a hard task. Still, college dropouts remain a problem in the American education system.

Detecting of Ransomware using Software Defined Networking

Detecting of Ransomware using Software Defined Networking Abstract Ransomware is a major weapon for cyber-extortion. The traditional signature-based detection no longer holds good against modern, sophisticated malware that employs encryption techniques and social engineering. This paper investigates the use of Software Defined Networks (SDN) to detect the illicit communication between infected PCs (ransomware) and their controller known as the Command Control (CC) server. SDN provides unique opportunities to detect malicious DNS requests (associated with malware) and where possible block ransomware controls requests, and thereby prevent ransomware triggering. In this article we mostly look at detection at commercial or business scenarios, where the data handled are much more sensitive and might lead to monetary loss. Index Terms Ransomware, cyber-extortion, Signature-based detection, Software defined Networking. Cyber-Extortion malware can be trace back to three decades earlier [1]. It all started with the malware named PC CYBORG which was delivered through floppy disk. The reports of modern malware known as ransomware were started in early 2005. Since then ransomware has developed into more sophisticated method of attack to extort money from people as well as the companies. Ransomware can make a huge impact on businesses, especially if it strikes mission-critical systems. The attacker forces the companies to pay-out money in the form of bitcoins which can be anonymous and not so easily traceable. If refuse to pay, they threaten to destroy the data. This is a profitable business model to cyber criminals as the companies and people tend to pay out to retrieve the data [2]. It is estimated that the pay-outs to ransomware is close to $1 billion an year as per IBM for 2016[3]. This is just known pay-outs and it crosses more than $1 bn if all the pay-outs are considered. The anonymity of the attacker and necessity of the victim makes it one of the popular attacks to extort money, especially from major tech companies and targeted businessmen. The ransomware is not specific to a single OS platform. From past few years, the ransomware have been developed for different platforms like linux, Mac OS and popular one emerging now a days is for android. In general, the working of modern ransomware is as follows. First, a user machine is infected using various attack vectors for example, clicking on malvertisement, downloads from non-trusted sites, phising, spam, etc. Second, the victims system or the stored data is encrypted (locked), based on the type of ransomware. The modern versions of the ransomware can encrypt storage drives such as cloud storage, Dropbox, and shared network devices. As a result, multiple systems on the network can get compromised, by a single infection. Figure 1 shows the general working of the symmetric and asymmetric crypto ransomware. Fig. 1. (left )Symmetric and (right) asymmetric crypto ransomware As the ransomware evolves, some well know malwares have come into business, such as CryptoLocker, CryptoWall, TeslaCrypt and Locky have been widely used and updated. Detecting these ransomware before the payload activates and start encrypting is very difficult [4]. Figure 2. Shows that only half of anti-virus scanners provide protection for this new malware, even after several days of a new attack being circulated. Fig. 2. Time to detect new malware by antivirus vendors. Recent study shows that the ransomware is becoming successful as the prices are tailored as per companys or countrys ability to pay [5]. If the ransom isnt paid within the expiry of the ransom note, the ransom usually doubles. This instils fear of losing the files or pay higher. This let company or the person feel it is easier and less expensive to pay the ransom and get back the files rather than reporting it and trying to find a solution for it. This makes it important to come up with mitigation techniques to stop this from continuing and The ransomware developers are constantly improving their product which makes it hard for developing long lasting countermeasures. With large number of devices that are getting connected on the internet like the Internet of things, the ransomware is being developed to multiple devices. Most common method of detection of ransomware, infact any malware, is signature based detection. Hence most of the experts suggest keeping the antivirus scanners up to date [6]. But as we have seen from the earlier that not many vendors give out updates that regular. Also with the use of encryption techniques and social engineering, it easily evades the defence in firewall and email spam filters. Hence the detection of entry of ransomware into the system or the network is becoming much more difficult. One more commonly used method of detection is by identifying the extensions. For example, many use extensions like .locky, etc. But this can be masked by encryption techniques. Microsoft advices the best way to tackle ransomware is by having a tested reliable backup to escape the damages of the ransomware [7]. Although this is one of the best methods, creating and maintaining backups for huge organizations can be really expensive and time consuming. Now let us take a look at few of the current implementations to detect ransomware in commercial or business network as they are the major victims because of the data they hold. Majorly used method is implementing products which use User Behaviour Analytics (like Varonics or DatAdvantage). This works on the baseline of normal activity and if there is any other abnormal activity, an alert would be sent to the administrator. The major disadvantage with this is any other legitimate activity which is not mentioned under normal behaviour was reported which led to receiving of lot of false positives about the activity. Other method used was to detect malicious activity by monitoring changes in File Server resource manager (FSRM), function built into Windows Servers. By using canaries, writing unauthorised files can be blocked. This helped in developing PowerShell to block unauthorised user access. Most of the currently used techniques work fairly well with the symmetric crypto ransomware. They tend to be less efficient with the asymmetric crypto ransomware. In this article we look at one of the basic approach that can be taken to mitigate ransomware with the use of Software Defined Networking (SDN). This method is mostly useful in companies or a small network with a system administrator to monitor the network traffic. Proposed method is based on findings after analysing CryptoWall ransomware [8]. But this can be applied to other types of crypto-ransomware, such as Locky TeslaCrypt, etc, which communicates with the Command Control (CC) servers. The primary intension with this proposed method is to cut-off the connection between the victim and the CC systems. Without connection to CC the encryption process is not going to be initiated and thus saving the victims system. With the use of Intrusion detection/Prevention systems(IDPS) or firewalls that are commonly used to filter and detect malicious data, it is very hard to give timely response to such threats as there is lot of data that it encounters because of the number of devices that is connected onto the internet now a days. In this article we take a look at two SDN-based mitigation concepts. We can call them SDN1 and SDN2. Both of them rely on dynamic blacklisting of proxy servers used for connecting to the CC server. However for this method to be efficient, it is necessary to have up to date list of all the malicious proxy servers that are previously identified. In this method of mitigation system, it is necessary to develop a SDN application to cooperate with the SDN controller. The controlled provides all the data necessary for analysis. After the detection of threat, the network can be configured to block all the malicious activity and capture suspicious traffic for investigation. This will also help in recovering symmetric key if the ransomware uses symmetric encryption based ransomware. The functionality of the SDN1 is a simple switch. The switch forces all the DNS traffic to be forwarded to SDN controller for inspection. All the responses are compared and evaluated with the database that contains the list of malicious proxy servers. If the domain name extracted from the DNS is present in the database, the response is discarded or blocked to not let it reach the proxy server. This eliminates the process of encryption on the victims system. An alert is sent to the system administrator about this issue for further investigation. The potential drawback of SDN1 is time taken. The DNS traffic from both legitimate and malicious hosts is delayed as each response is checked with the blacked listed domain database. The SDN2 enhances the performance of SDN1 while addressing this issue. As most of the DNS responses received is legitimate, the SDN2 introduces custom flow. This forwards all the DNS response to intended recipient and only the copy of the response is sent to the SDN controller. While the DNS responses are processed, the controller compares the domains with the ones available on the database. If a blacklisted server is found, the victim IP is extracted and all the traffic between the CC server and the victim IP is dropped and an alert is sent to the system administrator. The pictorial representation of both SDN1 and SDN2 are shown in Figure 3. Fig. 3. SDN-based applications, SDN1 and SDN2. Example testbed of the SDN network Major advantages of using SDN based detection techniques is that it can be used to detect both symmetric as well as asymmetric ransomware. As mentioned earlier without the connection between victim and CC server, the infected host will be able to retrieve the public key and hence will not be able to start the encryption process. As we have seen earlier, this method requires a database that contains all the currently known and used malicious proxy servers. This is the major disadvantage of this method. Currently the developers of this method have a database of about 70,000 malicious domains. But this wont be sufficient as the attackers will be looking for new domains to evade detection. Also methods have to be checked frequently and loopholes need to be fixed as the attackers would seek to exploit any loopholes if found. There are researches that are taking place to detect the ransomware using honeypot techniques. The SDN can be included into the honeypots to further enhance the effectiveness of the detection. Alongside with the SDN, the companies will have to develop an Incident Response team [6]. This team should make plans to tackle the issues according to the importance of the systems and also be given training to be equipped with the necessary steps to take in case of an attack which slipped from the SDN controlled. In case of an attack, steps should be taken to contain the ransomware just to the affected system and it doesnt spread to any other system on the network. It is also important to take a backup of the entire necessary and sensitive files in a secure and tested location. This help in restoring the work quickly in case of unseen attack on a critical system. Also one of the most important developments in ransomware is that now it is not just delivered as a Trojan, it is being developed in a way that it can replicate its code onto the removable devices and network drives. This makes it important to educate and train the employees and the staff about the dangers of ransomware and methods that it can be brought in to the network like the spam emails and social engineering [9]. Also companies should discourage the policy of bring your own device (BYOD). Staff a being more alert about the malware makes is very difficult to launch any attack. As we are looking to develop methods to detect and prevent ransomware, new type of ransomware is emerging that threatens to release all the data online, instead of destroying them, if not paid before the ransom note expires. This is makes it more necessary to develop more sophisticated methods of detection to prevent ransomware attacks. Also as this is an SDN based security application, further research can be undertaken to broaden the spectrum of detection and prevention of other types of malware and attacks like DDoS attacks To efficiently fight ransomware, it is important to break the business model of the ransomware developers. With the reduced income to the ransomware developers, they will have to shut down the proxy servers which in turn help in faster detection of newer developers. The best protection is to prevent infection. This may be tough to achieve and hence in this article we have taken a look at 2 types of SDN based security application that can be implemented to improve protection against ransomware. These rely on up to date database of malicious proxy servers which needs to be updated constantly but once detected, the application works efficiently. We have also discussed that it is achievable to break the connection between the victim and the CC server, with the help of SDN application, to make the encryption impossible. Furthermore, we have seen that it is necessary for the companies to actively invest time and money in training people to develop a sense of security at the workplace to reduce the attacks. We have also discussed that this SDN based application need not be limited to detecting ransomware. This can be further developed to detect and prevent other malware, detect attacks based on the network traffic characteristics or detecting malware based on pattern. References N. Hampton and Z. A. Baig, Ransomware: Emergence of the cyber-extortion menace, in Australian Information Security Management, Perth, 2015. Chris Moore,Detecting Ransomware with Honeypot techniques, 2016 Cybersecurity and Cyberforensics Conference. Ransomware becomes most popular form of attack as payouts approach $1bn a year, Networksecuritynewsletter.com , January 2017. Cisco, Cisco 2015 Midyear Security Report, Cisco, San Jose, 2015. Cath Everett,Ransomware: to pay or not to pay? Computer Fraud and security, April 2016. Ross Brewer, LogRhythm, Ransomware attacks:detection, prevention and cure. D. Mauser and K. Cenerelli, Microsoft Protection Center: Security Tips to Protect Against Ransomware, 6 April 2016. Krzysztof Cabaj and Wojciech Mazurczyk, Using Software-Defined Networking for Ransomware Mitigation: The Case of CryptoWall, NETWORK FORENSICS AND SURVEILLANCE FOR EMERGING NETWORKS. Marc Sollars,Risk-based security: staff can play the defining role in securing assets, Networksecuritynewsletter.com à ¯Ã‚ Ã¢â‚¬ ºÃƒ ¯Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  Ãƒ ¯Ã‚ Ã‚ 

Charlemagne :: essays research papers

Charlemagne There was relatively little commerce in Western Europe. Roads, bridges, and the infrastructure generally were non-existent. Furthermore, the countryside was unsafe for travel due to a lack of organized law enforcement. Small villages had to take care of themselves; therefore, manufacturing was carried on only to the extent that was needed to supply local needs. In the little kingdoms or principalities, the lands over which a King ruled were regarded as no different from other property. Among the Franks, all sons were entitled to a share. Therefore, when a King died, each son became a King over his own little kingdom. Thus, many political units became small so there were no uniform laws or policies. This lack of unity made them vulnerable to enemies as well as conflict from within. Bullough points out that the loyalty of a warrior or subject to his chosen leader was not a light matter. The author does not contrast that concept of loyalty however, with our present ideas of loyalty to the homeland or institution. â€Å"The apprenticeship of a King† describes how Charlemagne gained power through conquest and diplomacy. In 768, King Pippin died and his kingdom was divided between his two sons. Charles, the elder, and the younger was Carloman. The author says that little is known of Charles’ boyhood. When he was of the right age, it is recorded that he worked eagerly at riding and hunting. It was the custom of the Franks to ride and be practiced in the use of arms and ways of hunting. We may reasonably infer that acquiring these skills formed a major part of his early education. Charles was not a â€Å"man of letters† and the author makes no attempt at explaining this other than to point out that literacy was considered unimportant at that time for anyone other than the clergy and Charles didn’t become interested in â€Å"letters† until later in life. Bullough explains a number of experiences in public duties and responsibilities, which were assigned to Charles by his father, thus, giving him an apprenticeship to rule the kingdom. For some reason tension between Charles and his brother began shortly after their accession. The author explains a number of conflicts. The younger brother died however, at the end of 771 and a number of prominent people in his kingdom offered allegiance to Charles. Bullough names and explains those subjects. The result was the re-uniting of those territories, which helped to establish the kingdom of the Franks.

King Richard Essay -- History England King Richard Essays

King Richard My report is on Richard I, byname Richard the Lion-Hearted. He was born September 8, 1157 in Oxford, England. He died on April 6, 1199 in Chalus, England. His knightly manner and his prowess in the Third Crusade(1189-92) made him a popular king in his own time, as well as the hero of countless romantic legends. He has been viewed less kindly by more recent historians and scholars. Richard was the third son of Henry II and Eleanor of Aquitaine, and he was given the duchy of Aquitaine, his mother’s inheritance, at the age of 11 and was enthroned as duke at Poitiers in 1172. Richard possessed precocious political and military ability, he won fame for his knightly prowess, and quickly learned how to control the turbulent aristocracy of Poitou and Gascony. Like all Henry II’s legitimate sons, Richard had no filial piety, foresight, or sense of responsibility. He joined his brothers in the great rebellion(1173-74)against his father, who invaded Aquistaine twice before Richard submitted and received pardon. Thereafter, Richard was occupied with suppressing baronial revolts in his own duchy. His harshness infuriated the Gascons, who revolted in 1183 and called in the help of the â€Å"Young King† Henry and his brother, Geoffrey of Brittany, in an effort to drive Richard from his duchy altogether. Alarmed at the threatened disintegration of his empire, Henry II brought the feudal host of his continental lands to Richard’s aid, but the younger Henry died suddenly(June 11, 1183)and the uprising collapsed. Richard was now heir to England, and to Normandy and Anjou, and his father wished him to yield Aquitaine to his youngest brother, John. But Richard, a true southerner, would not surrender the duchy in which he had grown up. Richard received Normandy on July 20, and the English throne on September 30. Richard, unlike Philip, had only one ambition, to lead the crusade prompted by Saladin’s capture of Jerusalem in 1187. He had no conception of planning for the future of the English monarchy, and put up everything for sale to buy arms for the crusade. Yet he had not become king to preside over the dismemberment of the Angevin Empire. He broke with Philip and didn’t neglect Angevin defenses on the Continent. Open war was averted only because Philip also took the cross. Richard dipped deep into his father’s treasure and sold sherif... ...of Hubert Walter, justifier and archbishop of Canterbury. It was Richard’s impetuosity that brought him to his death at the early age of forty-two. The Vicomte of Limoges refused to hand over a hoard of gold unearthed by a local peasant. Richard laid siege to his castle of Chalus and in an unlucky moment was wounded. He died in 1199. He was buried in the abbey church of Fontevrault, where Henry II and Queen Eleanor are also buried, and his effigy is still preserved there. Richard was a thoroughgoing Angevin, irresponsible and hot-tempered, possessed of tremendous energy, and capable of great cruelty. He was more accomplished than most of his family, a soldier of consummate ability, a skillful politician, and capable of inspiring loyal service. He was a lyrical poet of considerable power and the hero of troubadours. He was both an honored and despised man. Works Cited: A History of the Crusades; Vol. 3; 1954 Richard the Lion Heart; K. Norgate; 1969 Itinerary of King Richard the First; L.Landon; 1935 Loss of Normandy 1189-1204; 2nd Edition; 1961 Eleanor of Aquitaine and the Four Kings; A. Kelly; 1950 Encyclopedia Britannica Online; www.eb.com; 1999

Distance Learning Essay -- Essays Papers

Distance Learning In recent years, there has been a trend in the way that many major institutions of higher learning have been teaching their students. This change of pace in the education world is what is known as distance learning. Distance learning is the form of schooling that can be done over the Internet, and never actually being forced to be present in a classroom or even on the campus. According to Joel Snell, correspondence courses were the predecessors to what we now know as distance learning (258). Many people say that distance education is the future of our nations’ education, however there are many arguments against the wide spread establishment of distance learning programs. Although distance learning may seem like a bright future for education, nevertheless, it will never be as successful as campus learning, because every student must be self-driven and also highly motivated, the lack of access to libraries and other sources of information, and also face-to-face inter action is necessary for a good education. Many people think that distance learning is a perfect fit for men and women working on their master’s while still maintaining a job. When a person enters the real world and gets a job, they will not always have a lot of time on their hands that would allow them to go to classes. The ability to take their classes at anytime possible is one of the most appealing factors for distance learners (Flanagan). Another reason as to why distance learning is a perfect match for men and women taking classes while working is the motivation factor. Both Snell and Mariani agree that in order for a person to succeed in distance education, they must be highly motivated, which does not describe the ... ...he newest equipment today will just give you out-dated equipment a few months after the initial implementation (Porter 41-42). Based entirely upon the facts that are presented in so many academic sources, distance education programs are hard to implement as well as to maintain, so that it why that many fail, and they are not widely accepted in today’s day. Works Cited Flanagan, Robert. Personal Interview. 27 Oct. 2001. Mariani, Matthew. â€Å"Distance Learning in Post-Secondary Education: Learning Whenever, Wherever.† Occupational Outlook. 45. 2 (2001): 2-10. Minoli, Daniel. Distance Learning Technology and Applications. Boston: Artech House, 1996. Porter, Lynette. Creating the Virtual Classroom: Distance Learning with the Internet. New York: Wiley, 1997. Snell, Joel. â€Å"Distance Learning: Observations.† College Student Journal. 35. 2 (2001): 258- 259.

Mountains Beyond Mountains

In the book, Mountains Beyond Mountains by Tracy Kidder, Paul Farmer made and continues to make a profound difference in the world. He was extremely successful because of the help he received from people who surrounded him. Partners In Health (PIH), Farmer’s organization, gives healthcare to people who cannot afford it and treatment to those with tuberculosis and AIDS. Although he was a founding advocate to the success of Partners In Health, Farmer would not have accomplished all that he did without the aid from others. Usually, it takes a group of people with the same goals in order to make a change in the world.Not everyone in the world can drop his/her entire life and put as much effort into saving the world as Paul Farmer did. However, he had many dedicated people who helped him. Without Ophelia Dahl, Tom White, and Jim Yong Kim, Paul Farmer would not have been nearly as successful as he is today. Ophelia Dahl sacrificed a great deal to make Partners In Health the success it is. Ophelia met farmer when she was just eighteen years old working as a volunteer for Eye Care Haiti. Ophelia and Farmer fell in love while both in Haiti.They both decided their relationship was not going to work due to the amount of time Farmer spent helping others. She realized that her needs as his wife would get in the way of his desire to be the best doctor that he could be. In a letter that Ophelia wrote to Paul she said, â€Å"The qualities I love in you-that drew me to you-also cause me to resent you: namely your unswerving commitment to the poor, your limitless schedule and your massive compassion for others† (Kidder 66). This quote proves how much Farmer put himself before others and put his personal life last on his priority list.Ophelia described Paul Farmer as someone whom is a pleasure to work around. She explained there is always a way to avoid being a bystander because Farmer constantly needs help. In response to that, Ophelia helped start Partners In Heal th and still manages the organization today. Tom White was also an essential part in the starting and continuance of Partners In Health. Kidder wrote, â€Å"Some of the cash came from grants but most of it from private donations, the largest from a Boston developer named Tom White, who gave millions over the years† (Kidder 22).White was a wealthy man who owned a construction firm in Boston and helped Farmer get enough money in order to start the hospital that he thought had much potential. He met Paul Farmer when Farmer was still training to be a doctor and the millions of dollars he gave supported Partners In Health for several years. Although Tom White did not directly take care of any of the patients, he saved millions of lives due to his generosity. Without his money there would have been numerous tragic deaths that could have been treated with just a few supplies.Kidder explains, â€Å"Farmer and his staff of community health workers treated most tuberculosis patients i n their huts and spent between $150 an $200 to cure an uncomplicated case† (Kidder 22). Thus, this quote goes to show how many lives Tom White technically saved with the millions of dollars he put forth. Jim Yong Kim is what we would call Paul Farmer’s â€Å"partner in crime† in carrying out Farmer’s ideals in medicine. Kim was a founder of Partners In Health with Farmer. He worked beside Farmer and is also a Brigham doctor who puts much of his life into saving patients with tuberculosis and AIDS.Farmer also played a prominent role in curing several cases of AIDS and HIV through World Health Organization. In addition to his help in Haiti, Kim also started a clinic in Peru to help cure severe cases of tuberculosis. In Peru, he helped create a treatment program for multidrug-resistant tuberculosis. He successfully solved many tuberculosis cases in Peru and proved to many it is possible to cure severe cases that may seem untreatable. Kim still continues helpi ng with Partners In Health and contributing to the expanding medical field.Without the help of these individuals, Paul Farmer would not have accomplished nearly as much as he did. The more support and help that one has the more goals they are likely to accomplish. Although Dahl, White, and Kim may not have been as extreme as Farmer they still changed many lives. They created organizations that still stand today and continue to help sick dc-=-people. If everyone helped someone just once at some point in their day like Farmer did, more and more lives could be changed.