Leaders of Contemporary Public Health Promotion Services Essay

Leaders of Contemporary Public Health Promotion Services - Essay mannikinThe issue with fleshiness is already in the world consciousness. Yet, despite of the multitude of proposed solution on how to tone down obesity, its incidence still continue to rise at an alarming rate. Clearly, the present approach proves to be unable(p) because the epidemic still pervades and this poses a challenge to public health sector leadership in years ahead on how to effectively respond to this epidemic that poses serious health risk. Narcissism can be said as a silent epidemic because its symptoms are not obvious unlike obesity where we can readily see that a person is everyplaceweight. We can feel its ill effects such as overconfidence that leads to self-destruction but having difficulty on determining if such personality indication is already a disorder. Only until recently in a study made by Twenge and Campbell that they put out that the prevalence of Narcissistic Personality Disorder (NPD ) is already as pervasive as obesity. This is a unique epidemic among the younger and present generation because this is not pervasive among the older generation. People over the age of 65 had only three percent incidence of narcissm while it is 10 percent among stack who are in their twenties (2009). What is more alarming with this epidemic is that it has not yet entered into the consciousness of the public mind and maybe even among health care practitioners. This poses as a greater problem because it is not recognised as an issue when it is already as pervasive as obesity. When NPD is not yet recognized as a problem, we would not know how to address the disorder that it will continue to affect unnoticed. This have issues poses a challenge for the leaders and managers of the public health care sector over the next some years considering that they also have to address another type of epidemic that is as pervasive as obesity which is narcissism.

Political Science-the book, Privilege, Power, and Difference and 19 Essay

semipolitical Science-the book, Privilege, Power, and Difference and 19 minutes - Essay ExampleAlex Cormier was Josies mother and a high judicial system judge who was presiding shots case. She was going through emotional upheaval, on one side is her consanguinity with Josie, her daughter, and on other side is the biggest case of her life. Josie witnessed the selecting but could not narrate what exactly happened. Later, Josie admits to shoot Matt Royston before Peter as she also a victim of Matts shameful behavior. In the dramatic narrative of trial Peters parents, Lacy and Lewis wonder about the retiring(a) events and his brothers death that might have compelled Peter to be such a barbarian and cruel person. The story continues in the flashback of events before and after the shooting. Trial proceeded and Peter was sentenced for life but he committed suicide after one month in prison. Josie is sentenced for five years and Alex got married and fraught(p) with detective Patrick .Nineteen minutes delves us into the logical consequence of 17 year olds sufferings in a cruel society where schools have become center of oppression. Picoult points out the victimization of a culprit and our procedure in this whole process as a silent observer, as society Instead of fitting blaming the culprit, Nineteen Minutes look into the physical and emotional torment of incessant act of oppression that pushed Peter to go over the top and take revenge. It discusses school system, responsibility of society, parents negligence and companions insensitivity that ends up in such horrible consequences.Reading Nineteen Minutes obscures the rail line between victim and culprit and the idea of right and wrong as it invite us to afterthought the reality. Picoult presented a harsh reality in a straight forward but compelling manner. The bracing is fully loaded with emotional and psychological insight about peer pressure and cruelty. It points out the cultural and social structure o f school that is infected with the desire to

The topic is forex risk management but i need to hand in the Literature review

The topic is forex risk management except i need to hand in the and backgroud chapter on monday - Literature review ExampleThe grocery besides does asset valuation, arbitrage, raise not bad(p), commercial transactions and invest in bond, stock or money. Besides, all these, the market in addition does forex risk management (Levinson, 2005). Forex has four interdependent spot markets where currencies are traded. These are the spot market, futures market, resource market and derivatives market. Most of the time, these markets are availed by key actors in direct and indirect investments, such as, exporters, importers, investors, speculators, and governments. affair is often done at interbank markets and financial institutions although the most common currency traded is the US dollars. Exchange grade are managed either in fixed rate, semi-fixed systems, and floating rates. Forex Risk Management Forex risk management is fundamentally protecting a foreign currency from losing value against the domestic (Levinson, 2005) currency before an export pay is received as well as enabling markets to attach price to risk, permitting firms and individual to trade risks until theyd hold to what they wanted to retain (Russell, 2011). ... Investors, either individual or institutional, who are motivated to and to gain capital are assured of this markets system of resiliency in risk management (Russell, 2011). This is advertise supported by the institutionalization of formal markets where investors can immediately raise capital by selling shares at the stock exchange (Russell, 2011). The foreign exchange is a huge trading market that is geographically scatter and exchanges could either be favorable or not depending on the measures of risk management employed differently it can be limiting trade lot size, hedging, trading only during certain hours or days, or knowing when to take losses(Milton, 2011). Forex trading may seem easy, but in all truthfulness so difficult, inde ed. Traders would either experience sudden corrections in currency exchange rates bewildering variations in exchange rates susceptibility to markets rapid change for profit opportunities lost payments live on in the confirmation of receivables and fees discrepancy of bank drafts received and the contract price (Milton, 2011). Tools for Forex Risk Management How should a trader control his loses? Expert in trading currency suggested that investors should think twice to set limits on potential pressure or drawdown one is willing to stake in trading. They also advise take for use of correct lot sizes and to start at lower amount depending on ones level of risk tolerance (Easy Forex, 2011). But for experts, the best rule is to utilize small account balance. They also advised tract overall exposure to be abreast of the developments and correlation of currency pairs (Easy Forex, 2011). Gain distinguish risk control and define your opportunity when the right

Public vs. Private Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Public vs. Private - Essay ExampleP 1992) It covers a great range of ideas and policies varying from the eminently reasonable to the wildly impractical. The debate the paper delves on is what argon the programs or sectors that are electric currently under the governmental supervision that can be privatized and what are the pros and cons of much(prenominal) privatization. Let us first look at some positive and negative facts and opinions from two sources in order to gauge the depth of the subject.Michael Williams in his article on Public Vs private pay, states the flaws in the current pay structure of an employee working for the US Postal service. Pointing out this difference in California where the fairish salary of a CalPers employee in 2004 for was just about $46000 and the average of salary of all average per capita income of all Californians was $35000. Since thusly he says, the gap has only expanded. He has proved this by stating the case of Postmaster General E mess aroun d. relative will hold a hearing next month into why Postmaster General John E. Potter has gotten a nearly 40 percent pay raise since 2006 and was awarded a six-figure incentive bonus run low year, even as the U.S. Postal Service faces a multibillion-dollar shortfall that threatens a day of mail delivery.ALLISON SHELLEY/THE capital of the United States TIMES REWARDED Postmaster General John E. Potter received a compensation package totalling more than $800,000 for fiscal 2008.(Williams. M 2009) While the above information gives us a strong reason for privatization of the US postal service, the following facts will educate us on the public opinion of privatization.When privatization was at its full aloofness and breadth under the Bush administration Congressman Jim Mc Dermott stated the following in superstar of the discussions It has become increasingly clear that the Bush Administration cares more about big business than about the average citizen. If this trend toward privatizat ion continues, I worry that the privacy and

Starbucks Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Starbucks - Essay ExampleBack in the US, situations were totally different. The option to drink a loving cup of coffee that was prepared according to the customers preference was not available. The available options were fast-food restaurants or gourmet cafes which were not scatter in the early cockcrow hours of the day. Schultz was influenced by these three factors absence of coffee shops in the early morning hours or extended hours of the day, the inability of the shops to prepare coffee according to the choice of customers, and peoples pursuit in using cafes as places of public interaction. Thus, Schultz started his own Coffee bar that allowed customers to decide the nature of the coffee to be made. Thus, in 1986, Schultz opened his coffee bar in Seattle in the name Il Giornale and on the first day, they served 300 customers and precisely according to his observation, some of the customers came in the morning hours. Soon, he acquired the Starbucks name and operation. Thus, it is apparent(a) that the success of Starbucks was largely dependent on its success in identifying the opportunity and bringing into practice what they induct envisioned. 2. The five forces according to Porters Five-force model are a) authorisation entry of new competitors, b) potential development of substitute products, c) bargain power of suppliers, d) rivalry among competing firms, and e) bargaining power of consumers. When the first force is considered, the biggest brat comes from McDonalds McCafe as it is easy for McDonald to add coffee services to their existing retail services. As per reports, the income from McCafe is 15% high than the income from a regular McDonald and presently, it is the largest in Australia and New Zealand. In addition, Starbucks has something to worry as it has not started providing transcribed or bottled coffee and it is clear that one who wants to save time and money will certainly go for canned or bottled coffee instead of the Starbucks mug (St rategic Management PMS 3393). When the third point is considered, one has to acknowledge that Starbucks is victimized to this situation very often. In 2001, Starbucks was forced to buy coffee bean at a higher price as the suppliers raised the price. However, prior agreements on price will help the telephoner overcome this problem. In machines and technology, the company will have to go for the total ownership of supplies. However, rivalry among competing firms is the most important one. Currently, there are about 14,000 coffee outlets in the US and there are more restaurants and supermarkets where coffee is cheaper than that of Starbucks. Some other important competitors are Dunkin Donuts and Krispy Kreme followed by coffee brands like Tullys and Petes Coffee. In addition, their non-coffee products are scourgeened by brands like Orange Julius and Jamba Juice (Starbucks The Non-Coffee Treat). However, as remote as Starbucks retains perfection and quality, these competitors will not raise any serious threat. The last point is the bargaining power of customers. It seems that customers bargain only when alternatives are available and hence, this will not create a threat to Starbucks. In addition, its huge popularity reduces the bargaining power of the public. In fact, the situation was totally different in the

History of horror gener and two media crtiques (film analysis) about Essay

History of horror gener and two media crtiques ( ask analysis) about Dracula 1931 and Frankenstein 1931 - Essay ExampleSince, the stories that are non relating to realty or generated to exaggerate a scene about a situation, many sorts of musical style were introduced to the film industry. Such forms of stories are categorized as fiction. In all the cultures around the world there is a concept of the devil, demon, and negative darkness. In the earlier centuries, civilizations had a strong concept of non-physical spirits, which were meant to horrify people. The legends about monsters and heroes that get the better of them and saved lives of many have been heard for over several millenniums. Even in the Chinese dynasty, it is establish to be believed on ancestors worship since 1500 years B.C. Probably every culture having a set of stories and tales that shed light on aperson wondering and havingchills gave rise to horror movies genre in films (Spadoni, 2009).In the horror category, first the Gothic tradition took part with a novel, The Castle of Otranto, by Horace Walpole (1764). That novel gave popularity to the password Horror, leaving its readers stilted as it had a supernatural shock. Then came other writers who gave us the short stories and novels in this category. One of them was the first great and classic novel Frankenstein in 1818, written by Mary Shelley. Bram fire-eater and Edgar Allan Poe were also the famous gothic writers of the 18th century. It was through the gothic literature that the horror genre stimulate the filmmakers as a unique category. This genre also gave rise to the Halloween monsters, which is a fast approaching concept.The bound Horror is a projection of fear, it is a part oftheimagination, whether we appreciate it or not. The modernized horror genre had been introduced for about 200 years ago. This genre was popular in books and theater. The first horror film was do in 1930, Spook Tale from 1895, by Lumpier brothers. In the 1 9th

Strategic Management Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words - 1

Strategic Management - Re count Paper ExampleIt would represent hoe differentiation has helped in the achievement of success and attainment of customer loyalty worldwide. The study would also consider the value twine abbreviation of the organization where it would be mentioning the primary activities and the secondary activities performed. The value chain analysis is an important part while planning for the business strategies as it helps in determination of the activities that are victorious place in the business operations. Google does not provide only physical products to its customers. Thus the value chain analysis of the corporation is slightly different. The study would be concluding with discussions of the entire study. The SWOT Analysis, PESTEL Analysis and doormans five forces analysis would be mentioned in the appendices. Introduction Today, Google is the most renowned entanglement count engine server. It explorees higher than 22 billion pages and makes use of a uni que algorithm which helps in receiving the targeted run of the searched queries. It offers a large number of useful features, high technology based databases, mixed shortcuts and other services. Googling is to love the way in which Google thinks and search accordingly. It helps in searching in such manner which would work crush for the users needs. Thus, it includes recognizing the procedure of exploiting Googles strengths. It also includes knowing the procedure of accessing or using redundant databases and other features of Google. It is basically one spider program which helps in finding pages on public web followed by building databases from those web pages. Wordnet describes the spider as the computer program which prowls the internet in search of publicly accessible resources which could be added to the database. The similar search box in the home page of Google helps the users by providing them different ways of searching database by means of terms or symbols that would ac t as the search limiters. The unique page rank system of Google helps in deciding that how the results would be organized for the purpose of display. company Background Google Inc., is one of the American multinational corporation which is specialized in internet related products and services. It includes searching, confuse computing, different types of online advertising technologies and other software related programs. The organization derives its maximum profits from the AdWords (Google, 2013a). The company was established in the year 1998. It was followed by an initial public offering on 19th August 2004. The perpetration statement includes organizing the information all over the world and making it easily accessible and meaningful. The unofficial guide word of the organization is Dont be evil (Google, 2013b). After the establishment, Google has seen a rapid growth in terms of partnership, acquisition and chain of the product offerings. The online productivity software of t he organization includes one official rooms (Google Drive), email (Gmail) and the social networking website (i.e. Google+). The desktop products include various applications for editing or organizing photos, web browsing and various other features such as instant messaging. The organization leads in the development of the Android Cellular operating(a) System

Chinese Women under the Communist Regime(1949-Now) Research Paper

Chinese Women under the Communist Regime(1949-Now) - Research Paper ExampleThe demand to gain only child in the family has often led to sex-selective abortion of females, female infanticide and consequently prostitution as there are not enough women to marry. When it comes to education, girls are mostly denied the chance to have education in preference for boys. This has implication on the men as women tend to occupy low paying jobs if always they get a chance to enter the workforce and hardly occupy leadership constituents in organizations. For pillowcase according to China National Bureau of Statistics, women represent 45% of the workforce but their salary is 74 % leass than mens wage. However, not all is lost as womens equating status has been upward(a) since resumption to power of the Chinese Communist Party (CCP) on a platform of gender equality since 1949. Much has been done in terms of jurisprudence formulations and other programs but much still inescapably to be done to liberate Chinese women. This essay will discuss and evaluate the progress of women in the workforce under the communist regime (1949-now).In order to understand the plight of women in the workforce during the communist regime, it is imperative to delve into the bumground of the problem. The stereotyping of women characteristic even in the labor laws today dates back to Chinese history of patrilineal distribution of wealth and marriage. Women in the past had no freedom to need a husband as marriages were arranged and spouse was chosen based on family needs (Engel, 955-961). The role of the woman in this marriage was to bear a son to continue family lineage. There were also obtain marriages that turned a woman into property of the husband which he could sell at his discretion. Marrying second wives and retentiveness concubines was a prevalent practice and there was nothing women could do about it until 1950 when a marriage law was passed to prohibit

Analyze how Nguyen Du uses an element of literature to develop a theme Essay - 1

Analyze how Nguyen Du practises an element of literature to develop a theme in THE TALE OF KIEU - Essay ExamplePeople are compared to some objects belonging to character and the world around them. This helps to understand the big better and see the inner soul of its characters. So, if there were no connections between people and reputation in The Tale of Kieu, it would not be so readable and elicit for the public. Even the first lines of the text under consideration remind the readers of their dependence upon temper. Thus, Nguyen Du writes that Blue Heavens wont to smash arose from spite. By lamplight turn these scented leaves and read a tale of have intercourse recorded in rare books (Du 3). The first lines of this quotation hint that people live under the sky and it seems to be a existing being for them, because only something that can breathe is able to strike. The major characters of the epic are compared to nature. For example, Chia-Ching had ii beautiful daughters who se beauty is described with the help of this comparison. The daughters were named Van and Kieu. The first daughter is compared with flowers, plums, clouds and snow. This is easily proved by the following lines her face a mope, her eyebrows two full curves her smile a flower, her voice the song of stopper her hair the sheen of clouds, her skin white snow (Du 4). Another daughter Kieu has much in usual with autumn and spring. Her eyes looked like autumn streams. It was possible to see brows like spring hills above her eyes. Resorting to the use of these comparisons seems to be the best way for the causality to describe the beauty of these girls. People are the part of nature that is why no wonder that Nguyen Du creates the above-mentioned comparisons. It should be noted that people described by the author of The Tale of Kieu seem to live in harmony with nature. For example, when Nguyen Du gives more information about Kieu and her life, he mentions nature again. The connection bet ween nature and Kieu is proved by the following lines She calmly lived behind drawn shades and drapes, as wooers swarmed, unheeded, by the wall. Young grass spread all its green to heavens rim some blossoms tag pear branches with white dots (Du 4). The grass mentioned by Nguyen Du is a symbol. It stands for Kieus youth. She is not experienced yet and the close important events in her life are still in the future. The protagonist likes sun and the earth the homogeneous way as grass. They seem to have much in common with each other that is why it is one of the best images of nature applied by the author of the epic under consideration. The author of the epic resorts to the use of the image of idle very often. In the beginning of The Tale of Kieu it is used in purchase battle array to describe Vans appearance. Then, this very image is applied in order to show Kim and Kieus love. Why does Nguyen Du decide to use moon one more time? The moon is not bear upon by the spots that cons tantly appear on it. This does not prevent it from shining. The same situation occurs to Kim and Kieu. They love each other despite all the problems and people who are trying to stop them. Moreover, the image of moon occurs when Kim has to look for his beloved. Thus, here the reader may find the following line to fall in love, to part, to reunite both felt mixed grief and joy as rose the moon (Du 45). In fact, moon always was a symbol of love and romance however, a few poets resorted to its use in order to describe tragic events. Nevertheless, it is successfully done by Nguyen Du.

Critical Writing Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Critical Writing - probe Exampleprograms coordinator at the graduate center in New York and commendably contributed to the success of Luso-Brazilian and Hispanic Literatures in the university. She has conducted some(prenominal) studies to investigate how foreign students are affected by the American education system, predominantly the challenge of act up with a new educational culture and language.The authors pinpoint that bilingual education started receiving widespread maintenance in the USA in late 1960s. The upsurge in number of students coming from Puerto Rico and Mexico and the joggle of civil rights movement instigated the authorities to provide additional funding for educational programs to facilitate knowledge learning through English.Several acts such as ESEA (elementary and secondary education act) were formulated and implemented to force government and institutions to prepare bilingual teachers who will aid in the facilitating success of the educational programs (B artlett & Garcia, 2007). In 1974, the Bilingual schooling Act constricted the goal of bilingual education to Transitional Bilingual Education where students received perfect(a) instructions through English, implying that not only limited English speakers were to learn the language but the undefiled student fraternity. However, for the first 3 years, content was delivered in English as students prepared to start unruffled English classes.In 1990, Americans started disapproving the use of educational resources to teach in other languages other English. Americans perceived phonological proficiency in English as an emblem of unity and fidelity to the state, and started demanding that immigrants drop their innate languages and espouse into the American community by learning English. The high rate of Latino drop outs and their bereavement to be intellectually competitive was blamed on bilingual education, further arguing that it led to discrimination of English learners within scho ols. Currently,

Education Assesment Plan Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Education Assesment invention - Essay ExampleLearners who are able to read letter A to Z, A to L and A to G without errors are assigned grade 3, 2 and 1respectivelty. Since the students involved are at lower level the issue of era needed to complete is task is a major constraint. Besides, the entry behavior of the students and distrust of whether to inform the students about the standard for awarding score provides a big challenge. However, the assessment plan adheres to confused principles of evaluation and hence suitable for assessing performance level. A school as an agent of social throw is accountable to the community. The society expects a school to provide quality education that meets both the individual and subject demands. One instrument available for establishing whether a school responds to this goal is through assessment. An assessment refers to the change of gathering, scrutinizing, analyzing, vainglorious meaning to both qualitative and quantitative data and pre senting a report about a especial(a) area of study. The report acts as basis for formulating policies at school and national level. Moreover, it gauges the level of achievement of training objectives. A teacher whitethorn choose to assess student continuously in class (formative assessment) or administer a test at the end of the term (summative assessment). Although, one type of assessment may be preferred over the other, an assessment as whole is an integral part of breeding process. Therefore, the process of evaluation must not fall below standard. The process can be improved by planning the entire assessment process. An assessment plan is scheme detailing objectives, context, content, task and time of assessment. For both assessment to achieve its intended goals, it must be valid. This means it must test whatever it meant to mensurate without ambiguity (Morrow et al, 2006). Consequently, the assessment should relate to the content or curriculum. The study of alphabets is key requirement in the learning of language. It is the foundation of word formation. The assessment correctly tests this area by letting the students recite the alphabet from A to Z and assign specific words to each letter. Therefore, the assessment is meaningful. The test captures all aspects of the content such as recitation, sequencing and word building. Moreover, the mental complexity of the student is tested by asking students to identify the lose letters in a sequence. A apart from validity, an assessment should also be trustworthy. A reliable assessment is one which is consistent and produces similar results if it was repeated. As a result, a student should get around like score if the assessment was done again (Maureen, 2006). This assessment is done under same ensure and instruction. Each student is pass judgment to perform same task of reciting the alphabets. Therefore, no significant variation in the performance of student is expected if the test was repeated because the instructions are clear. Again, the students are given tasks with same level of difficulty irrespective of their cognitive abilities. A student who is able to recite all alphabets is expected to fill the missing alphabets in a sequence. This demonstrates high level of internal consistency. The students are given time to perform the tasks and demonstrate their skills and abilities. In addition, they have been given an opportunity to grade themselves. The students should be made conscious of the assessment criteria before commencing a test

Counseling Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Counseling - Essay ExampleLife has become so complex and difficult, many things affect our lives in drastic ways and in the recent past we fork over witnessed terrorizing events, which have changed our lives forever. Everybody needs service in coping with such events and bringing their lives back to normal.We can trace a roily individual by some signs such as poor performance, excessive absences or tardiness, irritability, substance abuse, hyperactivity or isolated behavior and many others. These signs are not to be taken thin we should take action when we notice such signs in an individual, basic each(prenominal)y have a plan of action. have words to the individual and ask him if he needs help, usually the troubled individual would not admit that he needs help but still refer him to a counselor. (Colorado put in University Police Department)Comforting the troubled is not an easy job and requires a support group of pot who can understand your spatial relation and relate to i t. These long time we have such support groups that are open to all, here people with uniform experiences share their stories and provide each other with comfort. During such troubled times it is welcoming to be border by people and knowing that you at least have somebody to talk to.If we think virtually it in a religious manner than to comfort the troubled is a good thing, we all compliments to comfort our loved matchlesss whether it is a friend or a family member. If you are a Christian, the Church provides you with a lot of support and advice. If takes your mind off the troubled event and diverts you to the path of God. In the olden days counseling was only done by the religious heads but today, we have professional who are experts in this field. Their job is to listen to you and provide you with options, which can help solve the problem. These people are called counselors. They are paying to listen to you. Apart from going to a counselor, it is always helpful to have a clo se tightly knit group of friends and family members, these people can help get over the troubled thoughts more rapidly and easily.Troubling the comfortable is totally opposite to comforting the troubled. This literally means to irritate and confuse people who are content with their lives and do not have any worries that according to them may be serious. some people in our world have no concern for other people and although they live their behavior without interfering in other, they should show a concern for other people and their requirements. This feeling should exist among all human beings as part of humanity. We live our lives with everything we wish for, while there are millions who cannot afford one meal. In this sense they are the comfortable and they need to be troubled by asking them to help the people who cannot afford one meal or to feed their children so that they sleep on a full stomach. Counseling for this part of statement, troubling the comfortable is to make peopl e aware of these situations and get them to channel their humanity to get people to perform good acts for the benefit of mankind. Bibliography1. Dealing with Troubled People, Colorado State University Police Department, http//publicsafety.colostate.edu/Disruptive%20Behavior.pdf2. What Is Counseling The Counseling Center,

Finance and Accounting of Carillion Plc Research Paper

Finance and Accounting of Carillion Plc - Research Paper ExampleBasing an argument on the financial study (income instruction) there is a lower in the general performance of the firm. The vital item in the income statement that outstands is a decrease in the revenue of the firm. In the 2011 fiscal year, the total revenue was 4.9 billion which rejectd to 4.4billion by the end of year 2012 then downscaled to 4.1 in the year 2013. From the analysis, this shows a decrease of 10.2% and 6.9% from 2011 to 2013 respectively. The main cause of the decline from the financial report was the issue of rescaling the UK construction activities so that they make sure that they are associated in the coat of their chosen market sectors (Annual Report 136). Such decrease in the revenue was anticipated as the caller was trying to restructure and consequently fit the competitive advantage. However, the risk profile and overall quality ameliorate as they remained selective in choosing contracts th at they tried to bid.Secondly, from the income statement, it is clearly shown that the firm experienced a significant decrease in the expenses. The total expense in the year 2012 was 11.5 one million million million which decreased to 9.5 million. From the computation, this is 17.4% reduction in the expenses. different interest payable included private placement financing interest (14.3), finance lease of 1.2 million and discount associated with lease provisions (1.4 million). From the investment point of view, this good sign for investors as the company has a future growth due to decreasing the costs of operation. The underlying profit of operations declined to 214 million leading(a) to a decrease in the overall revenue. This reduced form (2012 227.9) however the operating margin remained at 5.6% and so investors should be concerned with the firms ability to generate profits.

Cause and Effect of violence in schools Term Paper

Cause and Effect of violence in schools - Term Paper ExampleIn olden days, schools were considered as a sacred place where the teachers the priests and the students were the believers. However, schools compel hells at present because of the unhealthy activities going on inside the campus and the strained relationships between the teachers and the students. The over learn of media resembling television and internet, improper c be received from parents, child abusing, etc are cited as the major reasons can increasing wild incidents in schools. This paper analyses the causes and effects of school violence.The major reason for the increasing violent tendency among school, children is the lack of disturbance they receive from their parents during their infancy and childhood period. Most of the parents are professionals and they do non have enough time to look after the child matters or giving enough shaft and care to their children. Children forced to take shelter in day care cent ers where nannies take the role of mother. No nanny can give the same love and care given by the mother. Modern parents are comparatively more focused on their careers or profession rather than looking after the take of their children. Many of them try to spend one or two hours with their children and at that time they try to carry like a friend rather than a parent. They are forgetting the fact that children need the love and care of a parent rather than a friend from their parents. The effect of above behavior is that children will neer get the much needed care of their parents whereas they get friendship more than what is required.Children who have been severely and repeatedly abused often become extremely aggressive. Theyre frustrated, angry, in some pain, not getting everything they emergency. They feel like victims. They have no concern about others -- they dont think about others. Its all about who they are and what they want (When Kids Kill)Some parents often punish thei r children

Contemporary & Future Challenges in HRM Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Contemporary & upcoming Challenges in HRM - Essay ExampleThey help an organization to form a competitive edge in which may be difficult for competitors to have. therefrom the function of the piece choice department then becomes primeval to the operation of any organization. The department is given the role of hiring, supervising and organizing training and development of the break awayforce. Therefore it is all-important(a) to the management and development of the workforce.In order to function properly, human mental imagery department comes with particular policies and strategical plans that act as guidelines on how the organization is going to function. These policies and guidelines helps the organization to function properly in set down of various workforce need for the organization. In order to ensure that these polices meets the needs for the organization and of the workforce, strategic human resource management (SHRM) has become the cornerstone for planning any human resource activities in an organization. Therefore SHRM has become the central focus to the operation of the human resource. SHRM implies the organized way in which the human resource department and in this case the whole organization comes up with strategies to manage the workforce. It involves taking into consideration a number of perspectives which are important of the operation of the department as a whole. ... It is a broader perspective of the HR department and its functions. One of the key components that have enabled the concept of SHRM to take root has been the ever-changing wave of technology in the market. The use of new-made technology has been one of the most important factors that have enabled the human resource department to implement various strategies that have been aimed at making its work easier. This paper will research into how technology has been used in the department and the future operations of the department in light of the changing technology in the mark et.Use of technology in the HRM departmentHuman resource technology has been emerging in the market as the new discipline which has tried to integrate the use of technology in the function of the HRM department. In this case it has been working to ensure that there is application of appropriate technology in HRM in order to enhance the functioning the department. Technology has affected positively and negative to all the spheres of life. term it may have led to loss of jobs, it has been able to increase efficiency, accuracy and time completion of function. The modern technology especially the evolution in the use of computers can be held responsible for having created an effective work brand. There has been reduction of errors as a result of manual computation and at the same time there has been increase effective and timely delivery of the needed data. Technology has found a place to be used in the while organizations. It has dictated the standards of an acceptable modern offic e whose efficiency is riveted on the amount of advanced technology equipment that have been installed. (Bates 2002, p. 82)The revolution of modern technology has affected all

Policy Process Paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Policy Process Paper - Essay Examplepts are presently being made to counteract the serious problems associated discrimination with youth justice and the following will explore how finishing discrimination within the youth justice system can improve the all overall operation of the abominable justice system.Discrimination is often described as the prejudicial treatment of others based upon certain real(a) or perceived characteristics. It is generally done on the basis of race, colour, sex, age, language, sexual orientation, religion and disability. Negative spoken communication within the Youth Service System can lead to discrimination and ensuing levels of oppression towards youth. Labeling is a negative term which means defining someone based upon their appearance or behaviour (real or perceived). A boyish man with a Mohawk haircut could be label as a tawdry or skinhead entirely based on the style of his hair. From a youth justice perspective, a young black man may be subj ect to more stops and searches by legal philosophy, and be labeled as more believably to engage in crime, due to the colour of his skin (the UKs stand Office reports that black and Asian men were more likely to be stopped and searched by police than their white counterparts, see Statistics on Race and the Criminal arbitrator System, 2006).Discrimination within the Youth Justice System can take a variety of forms. Visible minority youth (black, Asian or other) may be subject to more random police stop and searches, may be less(prenominal) likely to be cautioned by a magistrate and may face higher rates of incarceration. In a study commissioned to look at race and the criminal justice system not solely the youth system it was determined that although black residents account for 2% of the population aged 10 and over in England and Wales, their rates of incarceration stand at 12% of the total prison population. This is a wallop and disproportionate 600% increase relative to their total population size Accordingly, black and Asians are more likely than whites to be

I Am the Grass Essay Essay Example for Free

I Am the Grass Essay EssayAm the Grass is a briefly story written by Daly Walker, who has also written other short stories for The Sewanee Review and The Sycamore Review. Born in Winchester, Indiana in 1924, Daly Walker is a surgeon by trade and started to write after he was forty. Daly also served in the Vietnam War from 1967-1968, it serves as an inspiration for I Am the Grass. The story details a mans struggle of life after the war in Vietnam, and travel to Vietnam. This includes painful psychological trauma, the feeling of guilt for his actions, and finally his attempt to keep himself in his own eyes.At the start of the story we read about assorted atrocities committed during the Vietnam War by a unnamed man, who is the important instance. They include raping a thirteen-year old girl, decapitating a man with a machete, and throwing defenseless pris whizrs off of a helicopter. Along with the atrocities, the reader sees a battered past and something that refuges the ma in character . The story also goes on to explain how after the war, the main character goes on to medical school where he becomes a triple-crown plastic surgeon.The main character also describes the fear that comes back to him when anti-war protestors blow up a schoolroom while hes asleep. It takes him back to the attacks d 1 on his base while he was in Vietnam, he goes on to explain that even though the he has left the war, the war has followed him home (316). The main character shows how he tries to redeem himself for the bad he has done. This includes going to impoverished countries to repair deformities on batch who arset afford plastic surgery. He explains how it makes me feel like a decent man, a healer (317).This shows how it feels good for him to heal people as opposed to feeling good killing them when he was younger. After the minor back-story and introduction to his past and inner-demons, the main character is on a plane headed to Vietnam. Ironically, this epoch to he lp the people he once did horrible things to. He is taken around the countryside, where he recognizes some(prenominal) of the nicknames of the roads soldiers gave. Then he is introduced to another surgeon, one who he would ingest originally called an enemy, to take him to those in need of the surgery. In nother twist of irony, the Vietnamese surgeon is missing his thumbs. This prevents him from performing surgery unlike the main character.They both talk about fighting each other in the war and then go forth to perform the surgeries on the people who needed them. As the story continues, the fabricator, has been successful in 18 surgeries and feels good. Until he has to make a onerous decision(320) when the thumbless Vietnamese surgeon asks him to perform a difficult surgery(321) on him. A surgery where the big toe of the foot is transplanted to where the thumb once was. despite the risk and lack of any more advanced medical tools, the narrator decides to go forward with it. This shows that the narrator is willing to do an extremely difficult surgery without the proper tools, so that perhaps he may find some peace in himself. Yet the dreams of the man he decapitated still haunt him, even on the eve of the big surgery. While he prepares himself, the narrator explains the feeling as a sense of power that has been in no other place but surgery, except when my finger was on the trigger of an M60 (324).He starts and is meticulous in using the primitive medical instruments provided to him. He feels as if he has done a good job and even forms a steady fri containship with the Vietnamese surgeon. However, the sidereal day he has to leave, it goes south. The main character goes to unwrap the bandages and finds that the transplant has failed, as the implanted big toe has rotted. violent at himself, he removes it before he leaves. In an attempt to make himself feel better, it is shown how the main character hopes to see the thumbless surgeon at the airport. Perhaps saying bye to him and thanking him for his efforts.However there is no one there, on the flight home though, he realizes that the risk involved with Vietnam made him feel like a part of the country. He comes to see that he embraces the risk and everything that comes with it. I Am the Grass is presented as a story that is simple to understand, but also has an emotional effect. Walker gives us a character with a detailed past, a very good storyline, and the setting and theme of redemption which is present throughout the totally story. The theme of redemption is supported throughout the story. The main character tries to redeem himself in his own yes by doing surgeries for free in impoverished nations.Also, when he takes on the risky task of the toe transplant. It leaves the reader wondering, what if it would have worked? Would he have calmed his conscience of reminding him about the past atrocities he committed? The story, which begins by describing very pictorial atrocities, turns into a story of more peace than war. One where the narrator has lost himself in the scourge of war, but is trying to find himself by using his talents for good. Trying to find inner-peace from his personal demons. It comes together near the end of the story.When he finds out the transplant didnt work and he wants to leave immediately. But contrary to his judge reaction, the Vietnamese surgeon calmly tells him to remove it, which the main character does. In a way he faced his own inner demons despite the disappointment. Walkers decision to make the setting a run down dirty hospital isnt one that a striation of people can relate to. However, the message of redemption is one that a lot of people can. The conflict he delivers is one that is present in others, just not in the form of war crimes and surgeries. Thats something that a lot can relate to.In this story, Walker has shown a veteran who is haunted by his past and tries to redeem himself. It delivers a powerful message on how t he road to the inner-peace of a person is faced with many challenges and setbacks. Ironically, amidst the secondment of disappointment, the character realizes that he has come to accept the risks he took in life, along with the consequences. There he finds at that moment of redemption that he had long been looking for.

Pricing policies Essay Example for Free

Pricing policies Essay1. In making promises that are non guaranteed by third parties and in imposing penalties that are not enforced by third parties, only of the following are credibility-enhancing mechanisms turf out2. Essential comp onenessnts of a game include all of the following except3. A key to analyzing subgame perfect equilibrium strategy in sequential games is 4. When airlines post costs on an electronic bulletin board at 800 a.m. each morning, the decision-makers are engaged in5. Credible promises and surety mechanisms can support a continuous stream of cooperative exchanges except when6. Firms that have a transit charge for their customers and charge for each item they purchase as well are exhibiting7. The segmenting of customers into several bitty groups such as household, institutional, commercial, and industrial users, and establishing a different rate schedule for each group is know as8. Vacation tours to Europe invariably package visits to disparate regions cities, mountains, and the seaside. Bundling, a type of second gunpoint price discrimination, is most profitable when9. Which of the following pricing policies best identifies when a product should be expanded, maintained, or discontinued?10. ____ is a new product pricing strategy which results in a high sign product price. This price is reduced over time as demand at the higher price is satisfied.11. Which of the following is not among the functions of contract?12. Mac trucks and their dealers would likely have an organizational form of13. Contracts are elevated from tactical alliances by which of the following characteristics14. Which of the following are not approaches to resolving the principal-agent problem?15. When retail round dealers advertise and perform warranty repairs but do not deliver the personal selling substance that Schwinn has designed as part of the marketing plan but cannot observe at less than preventative cost, the manufacturer has encountered a problem of ____.16. ____ occurs whenever a third party receives or bears costs arising from an economic act in which the individual (or group) is not a direct participant.17. The antitrust laws regulate all of the following subscriber line decisions except ____.18. The sentiment for increased deregulation in the late 1970s and early 1980s has been tangle most significantly in the price regulation of 19. The Herfindahl-Hirschman index (also shortened to just the Herfindahl index) is a bill of20. The lower the barriers to entry and exit, the more nearly a market structure fits the ____ market model.21. If the acceptance of draw A makes it impossible to accept Project B, these projects are22. Cost-benefit analysis is the public sector counterpart to ____ employ in private, profit-oriented tightens.23. The weights used in calculating the firms weighted-average cost of capital are equal to the proportion of debt and loveliness ____.24. In order to help assure that all relevant factors wi ll be considered, the capital-expenditure selection serve should include the following steps except25. The social rate of discount is best approximated by1. Theoretically, in a long-run cost function2. The degree of operating leverage is equal to the ____ change in ____ divided by the ____ change in ____.3. Which of the following is not an assumption of the linear breakeven model4. In the linear breakeven model, the breakeven sales volume (in dollars) can be found by multiplying the breakeven sales volume (in unit of measurements) by5. In the linear breakeven model, the difference between selling price per unit and variable cost per unit is referred to as6. The short-run cost function is7. The problems of asymmetric information exchange arise ultimately because8. A firm in light competition would shut down when9. An experience good is one that10. In the purely competitive case, marginal revenue (MR) is equal to11. If price exceeds average costs under pure competition, ____ firms will enter the industry, supply will ____, and price will be driven ____.12. Buyers anticipate that the unstable warehouse seller of unbranded computer equipment will13. What is the profit maximization point for a firm in a purely competitive environment?14. The practice by telephone companies of charging lower long distance rates at night than during the day is an example of15. The demand diverge facing the firm in ____ is the same as the industry demand curve.16. Declining cost industries17. Of the following, which is not an economic rationale for public value regulation?18. When the cross elasticity of demand between one product and all other products is low, one is generally referring to a(n) ____ situation.19. Regulatory agencies engage in all of the following activities except _______.20. Barometric price lead exists when21. A cartel is a situation where firms in the industry22. The existence of a kinked demand curve under oligopoly conditions may result in23. Some indust ries that have rigid prices. In those industries, we tend to24. If a cartel seeks to maximize profits, the market share (or quota) for each firm should be set at a level such that the ____ of all firms is identical.25. A(n) ____ is characterized by a relatively small number of firms producing a product.

English and Spanish New World Colonies Essay Example for Free

English and Spanish New World Colonies EssayMost of the almighty Western European Nations became involved in exploration of the the Statess. Spain started the trend with the exploration of Columbus. Observers realized that Columbus had not discovered Spice Islands south of China, but a whole new world to the Europeans. Expeditions of exploration in search of riches were the first action of the explorers of the new land. Immediate metal wealth was not strand in the Caribbean Islands, but it was found later on the Americas mainland. England was then enticed to claim land for itself, and claimed the lands of North America and benefited from early trading posts. Spain and England both participated in the exploration and colonization of the Americas, but their ambitions were different based upon the surround environment.Spain focused its exploration on the lands surrounding the Gulf of Mexico, and the Pacific link on the Western sailplaning of South America. Like the English, the indigenous people of the acted friendly towards the Spanish explorers, then resisted after unjust massacres occurred. This vernacular reaction comes with the part of human nature that accepts others, and rejects them after they have participated in undesirable actions. Similar to the English, the Spanish also colonized the lands of the new world and developed large cities, which served as political and scotch centers. The geographics of Central and South America contributed greatly to the amount of metals and valuable resources that were extracted from the ground and from the artifacts of the natives.Unlike the English, the Spanish occupied Viceroys, or officials to rule the new world to keep order. These Viceroys reported directly to the king, and could be removed from fleck by a court of lawyers. These rulers were essential to the vast, spread out landmass that the Spanish conquered. Encompassing umteen different cultures such as the Aztec and the Inca, it was essential for the Spanish to have powerful political figures to run the government in the place of a king. The English however, relied on direct ties to the royalty of England to run their colonies.The English explored the colder, little metal rich region of North America. Although North America lacked in valuable metals, it was the source of furs that would pep up the European economy. The English were similar intheir economic views of establishing permanent colonies after the wealth of the trapping of beavers was extracted. hardened within North America were greatly diffused native populations of different tribes.This did not lend rise to missionary work, or taskers. Unlike the Spanish, the English did not breed with the indigenous people, and they received slaves from Africa to satisfy their labor needs. But similarly to the Spanish, the English contributed a large amount of their revenue created in the Americas to add wealth to their kings, and to expand the size and power of their armi es.Overall, the Spanish and English shared many economic goals in intricacy and exploration. However, their political structure and social organization differed from the environmental conditions and the personal cultural views. The establishment in political, social, and economic centers of power was a parallel evolution between these two countrys colonies, as is the enrichment of their countrys treasury and power.

The Middle East, Byzantium, and East Asia Essay Example for Free

The Middle East, Byzantium, and East Asia Essay in that location were some similarities and differences between Byzantium and the Middle East and East Asia. Both regions were based on religions that were founded by prophets, notwithstanding Byzantium and the Middle East had religions that were monotheistic, and East Asia did not. They also differed in the fact that the Middle East and Byzantium foc use upd on academic development, and East Asia focused on military development, but were similar because both developed y pophful ways to use projectile weapons. Both East Asia and the Middle East and Byzantium were similar in their use and development of projectile weapons. The Byzantine Empire developed a very powerful, projectile weapon called classical fire. It was mainly used in naval warfare, and essentially could burn while floating on irrigate for very extensive periods of time. This weapon was exclusive to the Byzantine people and has been lost with them. Gunpowder was al so for the first time developed in China. Gunpowder could be used to fuel the first guns, which while simple at the time, were deadly to the rest of the world. This idea spread through trade to the Islamic people, and later the rest of the world, transforming warfare for the rest of time.There were also differences in intellectual development between Byzantium and Mesopotamia and East Asia. For one, Byzantium was more academically advanced, while East Asia was more militarily advanced. The Byzantine Empire focused much attention on architecture. The people there build enormous, beautiful buildings. One of the most famous was the Hagia Sophia. Rome also had many writers who wrote great works of history and poems. East Asia on the other hand was more focused out military advancements. China created gun powder, which was a huge help in stopping nomadic invasions because of the blank cannons could blow.Also steel and iron weapons were made which were very strong. East Asia was also re sponsible for the creation of the depression press, which made it possible to produce text very quickly and in large amounts, helping talk immensely. There were similarities between the religions of Middle East, Byzantium, and East Asia. The religions in the Middle East, Byzantium, and East Asia, Islam, Orthodox Christianity, and Buddhism, respectively, were all religions that were started by prophets Islam by Mohammed, Christianity by Jesus Christ, and Buddhism by Siddhartha Gautama. Islam spread very rapidly throughout the Middle East.Islam was the quick spreading religion during this period. Similarly, Buddhism spread rapidly from its birthplace of India to East Asian countries such as China, Japan, and Korea. In the Middle East and Byzantium, the religions being full were strictly monotheistic. In East Asia, they were not. The dominant religion in the Middle East was Islam, a monotheistic faith revealed through the prophet Muhammad. In Byzantium, Christianity, another monoth eistic religion, dominated the region. However, in East Asia, there was no monotheistic religion. Instead, the people in this area practiced Confucian traditions and Buddhist customs.

How to Create a Smash Book Essay Example for Free

How to Create a break dance Book EssayHow to create a prang up allow, not a scrap countersign. A smash book is a place where you rotter place the humble things in life ticket stubs, magazine clips, recipes, snaps het ups, love allowters, design ideas, pictures, and notes to self. It is faster than scrap booking and is portable overly. A smash book can be do from a ringed binder or a note book or you can buy a book from k and participation at a craft store or online. They argon personal on each scalawag with picture design on each that makes it unique. Before creating your smash book, know the various personal manners of smash books.thither are twelve simple orange, knavishsy, pretty pink, retro, and smart, couture, tasty, nostalgia, doodle ruby-red, mod, 360 folio, and eco green. The simple orange smash book rascals are not like the others, there a serving more plain, and simple. You can do a lot more with the pages. You can chose your theme easier because of the graphic pages chosen for this book in particular. The Cutesy is as described, rattling cute looking pages. Each page is filled with cute simple little girly things. Such as flowers or pinks and innocent looking pictures.The pretty pink is very floral and girly almost like the cutesy but different in a way because it has a lot more flower prints in it. The retro glowering is designed for a retro look. If you like typography you will love this one. If you cant tending to tap your foot to the beat you will love this one because that is what this smash book is all about. It has a sense of humor to it, and it is my personal favorite. The smart smash book is cover with school inspired images and graphics. In comes in a studious style. It is vast for school related things. However, the couture smash book is fun, shiny and very fashion like, with lots of distort.It is a lot of girls favorites. The Tasty smash book is covered with food inspired pages. Original illustrations and hand le ttering design, you can make this in a snap. The nostalgia style is also filled with school filled original illustrations and hand lettering designs. However not as a clean slate of a look as the smart smash book. The Doodle red smash book is filled with an artsy enthusiasm. Mod smash book is a hip style. This smash book is covered with clean lines and patterns. The 360 folio is filled with pages for everyday of the year. Lastly, the Eco green smash book is filled with lax breezy graphics, and nature loving images.Nonetheless you cant for lounge about when you buy your book, you need to stick things/accessories to dress out it. Next, youll need to have simple things to decorate your smash book, such as decorative immortalise, chipboard pieces, letters, stickers, souvenirs, ribbon, sequins, pockets, envelopes, brads, scissors, glue, scrapbook paper, color pencils, and pens. None the less you will want to use 3d embellishments, alphabet stickers, glitter, stickers maybe by big ide as, paper studio, and k and company. Gemstone are wide to use. Border punch, ink pad by color box, distressed ink, and boss by stampabilities, and patterned paper.After you get the smash book accessories, decorate the cover- it is the best way to decorate the cover by putting your favorite saying on the forepart using chipboard pieces. You could put what your smash book theme is about if you have one. Or you can just decorate the front cover by doodling on it, if you desire just to do that instead. If you made your own smash book out of a three ring binder, add scrapbook paper to your book on every page. Make it creative. You dont need to just have one color or design per page. Mix it up and use different sizes and different colors. Dont beat about this if you bought your smash book though.Meanwhile, you will want to sort out all your stuff into craved categories. You might want to sort them out into categories such as concerts, journals, notes, travel, friends, family, school, ideas, pictures, clips, whatever it may be, categorizing them will attend you when smashing them in your book. Add photos to your page. Use decorative tape and then add your souvenirs. Pockets and envelopes are great for chinking big things. Next you want to decorate the page. Dont over decorate too much. Then it will look overwhelming. But if you under decorate it will look very boring. precise un-creative.Since smash products are the best thing when decorating your smash book sometimes its all you need. Smash captions are ready to stick, all you have to do is write your caption in. Smash flag clips, clips to bandage photos, notes and more. Smash pads allow you to voice your opinion or jot something down, then smash it in. Smash term stamp, is exactly what it says a date stamp but with sayings like Im a hot mess, or today is, I love this With the date next to it. Smash tape is tape with a design on it, so you can be creative. Smash tape can hold your photos in place or hither to a feather?Who knows? Next is smash pockets, which are great for holding the bigger things like brochures and things like that. Smash bands, hold your smash book together. And your pens even closer. now take your desired category you want to smash, your glue and pen and smash it in. Use your date stamp and date it if you would like. Add a smash caption too, some smash tape to hold in a picture that is a memory you want to keep Some stickers, and writings of your own even drawings will work too if your artistic. Remember, this smash book isnt a scrapbook. It doesnt have to be all clean and neat.Its not just about the pictures. It about the thought, a jot a feather thats caught, its the idea that matters Everything you have been keeping in that junk drawer for years, let it come out. Have fun with it. Dont let it hide, and smash it . It is easy to take along, anyplace you go. It has to time limit. It doesnt take hours. So smash away and have fun, just remember those steps . Just c hoose your smash book style, or create your own, have the simple things to create your own, get the smash accessories, sort out all your stuff into categories and then smash it in and decorate your page to your desire.

Genetically Modified (Gm) Foods Essay Example for Free

Genetic on the wholey Modified (Gm) Foods EssayThe Term Genetically Modified (GM) aliments refers to crops posed for clement or animal consumption using the recombinant DNA techniques. The world population is growing in a fast pace such(prenominal) that it is expected to double in the next 50 years. Supplying food to this growing population is a major challenge. GM foods can be considered as the major re enlighten for the food security. These foods argon produced by the modification of crop comprises in the laboratory to enhance want traits, principally biotic and abiotic stress tolerance, improved nutritional content, etc. These traits were earlier carried out with conventional whole executes breeding, but these breeding methods are very time-consuming and often not very accurate. However, with recombinant DNA technology, plants with the desired traits can be produced, very rapidly and with greater accuracy. Process Recombinant DNA technology begins with the identific ation and closing off of a gene which expresses a desirable trait, with the aid of restriction enzymes.Then a recipient plant or animal is selected, and the gene is inserted and incorporated into its genome through a vector such as agrobacterium, through a gene gun shooting an elemental particle covered in plasmid DNA, electro oration, or a virus. Once part of the recipient, the revolutionaryly inserted gene becomes part of the genome of the recipient and is regulated in the analogous way as its other genes. For example, we can isolate a gene responsible for conferring drouth tolerance, allege that gene into a plant, and make it drought tolerant.Crops can also be transformed using non-plant genes such as the use of Bt genes, in cotton and many other crops. Bt, or Bacillus thuringiensis, is a naturally occurring bacterium that produces crystal proteins that are lethal only to insect larvae. Bt crystal protein genes have been transferred into cotton, soya, corn, brinjal, enabling the plants to produce its own pesticides against insects such as the American bollworm, European corn borer. Bt genes are lethal only in the acidic medium, insect gut environment and do not get activated in an basic environment, prevalent in humans and other animals that feed on these plants.BENEFITS OF GM FOODS Drought tolerance/ saltiness tolerance As the world population grows and more land is converted for housing instead of food production, farmers need to grow crops in non-arable land, previously unsuited for plant cultivation. Creating plants that can withstand long periods of drought or high salinity in soil and groundwater will help people to grow crops in large, barren wetlands/dry lands in our inelegant. Pest apology Insect Pests are causing devastating financial loss for farmers, sometimes starvation.Indiscriminate use of pesticides is also a potential health hazard, and the run-off of agricultural wastes from unwarranted use of pesticides and fertilizers poisons th e water supply and harms the environment. Ex Growing GM foods such as Bt brinjal helps bowdlerise the application of pesticides substantially, as 80 per cent of brinjal crop are infested with pests. Disease resistance on that point are many viruses, fungi and bacteria that cause plant diseases and thereby contribute to yield loss. build biologists are working to create genetically engineered plants with resistance to these diseases. Ex Developing sheath blight resistance in strain. Cold/heat tolerance Farmers are facing the vagaries of weather, care unexpected frost or excess heat due to climate change. Researchers have identified an antifreeze gene from cold-water fish and introduced it into plants such as tobacco and potato to study the efficacy of the plant to withstand extreme temperatures. Also, research is on to name plants that can survive excess heat, submergence tolerance etc. NutritionPeople in our country suffer from various nourishing deficiency diseases due to mal nutrition. Most of the people rely on rice as a major staple food. But rice does not contain adequate amounts of all necessary micro and macronutrients. If rice could be genetically engineered to contain additional vitamins, iron and/or minerals, nutrient deficiencies could be alleviated. For example, MSSRF (M. S. Swaminathan Research Foundation) are working on improving the iron content. Phytoremediation Soil and groundwater pollution continues to be a problem in many parts of the world.Plants such as poplar trees, brassica spp are being genetically engineered to clean up heavy metal pollution from soil contaminated with metals like lead, arsenic, and cadmium. Concerns Most concerns about GM foods fall into three categories Environmental hazards Unintended harm to other organisms trim back effectiveness of pesticides gene transfer to non-target species are some of the concerns of the environmental concerns of GM crops. Human health risks Allergenecity, mystic effects on human hea lth are some of the main health concerns.For example, Pioneer Hi-Bred time-tested the allergenicity of a transgenic soybean that expressed a Brazil nut seed storage protein in entrust that the seeds would have increased levels of the amino acid methionine. The tests (radio allergosorbent testing, immunoblotting, and skin-prick testing) showed that individuals allergic to Brazil nuts were also allergic to the new GM soybean. Economic concerns Environmental activists, religious organizations, non-governmental organizations have criticized agribusiness for concentrating on profits through GM Foods without concern for potential hazards.They also criticized the government for failing to start a regulatory body. All GM crops should be subjected to thorough regulatory processes and toxicology and allergenicity tests data needs to be shared with the regulatory authorities antecedent to commercialization. Government Role Many new plant genetic engineering technologies and GM plants have b een patented, and patent infringement is a big concern of agribusiness. So, bringing GM food to market is a protracted and costly process.This is a genuine concern and therefore it is important for the government to fund and support prevalent sector research in reputed universities or agriculture institutes to ensure quality research and also financial backing prices under check. Conclusion Government should check all the hazards, environmental, health and economic concerns and then decisions should be taken to commercialize a GM product. Though ambiguity during the process, once they get regulatory approve, it implies that they have been subjected to demanding scrutiny and are safe for commercial release.So, the governments around the world are hard at work to establish an effective regulatory process to monitor the effects of and approve new varieties of GM plants. gibe to M S Swaminathan, the chairman of the National Commission on Farmers, GM foods have the potential to so lve many of the worlds hunger and malnutrition problems, and can protect and preserve the environment by increasing yield and lessen reliance upon chemical pesticides. Yet there are many challenges ahead for governments, especially in the areas of safeguard testing, regulation, international policy and food labeling.

Economies of scale and diminishing returns Essay Example for Free

Economies of scale and lessen returns EssayIn Business Economics, the con run is defined as the concept that within a certain block of time, in the future, at least one gossip is fixed while others are variable and the long run is defined as a period of time in which all factors of product and apostrophizes are variable. The law of diminishing returns is a short run concept, which states that increasing successive units of a variable factor to a fixed factor final result increase output but eventually the addition to output pull up stakes start to slow exhaust and would eventually become negative. This is because if capital is fixed, especial(a) jab will eventually get in individually others way as they attempt to increase production. E.g. think about the effectiveness of extra employees in a factory thats maximum workers is 100. If the firm employs 150 workers, then the productivity will eventually decrease, as they will get in each others way etc. However, this l aw only applies in the short-term, as in the long run, all factors are variable.As you sack see from the graph above, the average fixed cost (AFC) curve falls as output increases out-of-pocket to the fact that fixed costs are a decreasing proportion of total cost as output increases. Both the average total cost (ATC) and the average variable cost (AVC) curves fall, and then wind again. The curves start to rise after a certain point because diminishing return takes place. The distance on the y-axis between the ATC and the AVC represents the value of the average fixed cost (AFC). Just like the average variable cost and average total cost curves demonstrate, the marginal cost also falls, and eventually rises again as diminishing marginal returns take place.Economies of scale, however, refer to the rewards that arise from large-scale production, which in turn results in a reduce average unit cost (cost per unit). It explains the relationship between the long run average costs of pr oducing a unit of good with increasing level of output. Unlikediminishing returns, economies of scale is a process that operates and is caused by a development over a long period of time. Economies of scale also have many another(prenominal) sources whereas diminishing returns is the relationship between output and only one input of production.There are two unalike forms of economies of scale that could occur in a firm. The first is internal economies of scale. This refers to the advantages that are caused as a result of the expanding and growth of a firm/business. Internal economies of scale burn down be additionally categorized into commercial, managerial, financial and technical economies of scale.Commercial economies of scale arise from the purchase of raw materials and the sale of finished goods. When the firms output increases, they order larger quantities of the raw materials (bulk buying) and therefore these raw material firms favour these businesses, and offer dishonor prices due to their ordering of higher quantities. Managerial economies of scale is a process that follows the principle of the division of labour and creates specialization due to the firms ability to employ specialized employees, and this causes an increase in production efficiency. A financial economy of scale is when a large firm benefits by getting crack credit facilities e.g. credit at cheaper rates, being able to negotiate better finance deals etc. Finally, a technical economy of scale arises due to large-scale production because there is a technical advantage in the use of large machinery in the production process.Technical economies of scale will most presumable arise due to machinery being used in the production process, which are more efficient than charitable labour, and also require less maintenance, gentility and do not require payment. External economies of scale refers to the advantages firms/businesses can get as a result of the growth of the entire manufactur ing as a whole. Usually, the industry grows due to an improvement in a specific area of the industry, such as an increase in the locals skill and training, and improving in the training facilities themselves, which causes an increase in the quality of training for the future employees or an increase in the foreign supply of labour with a higher skillset that before.

The Nature, Scope and Methods of Economics Essay Example for Free

The Nature, Scope and Methods of economics EssayMost introductory textbooks of Economics begin by asking the question What is Economics about? Although Economics is a vast field and precise definitions be usually complex and controversial, it is not a difficult matter to give a simple and sensible answer to this basic question. Economics is essentially a field of battle of the ways in which people bear for their well-being. Economists are concerned with the area of human behavior as a race between ends and scarce means which have alternate uses (Lionel Robbins). Economics can be divided into microeconomics and macroeconomics. Microeconomics is the study of individual markets. (A market is an arrangement which links buyers and sellers. ) For instance, an economist may study the market for compact discs. This get out involve looking at the decisions and behavior of people who buy compact discs, the firms that sell the compact discs and either other groups which influen ce the price and avail dexterity of compact discs, such as the government While macroeconomics is the study of the whole economy.It includes, for example, the study of the nature, causes, consequences of unemployment, inflation, economic growth and international trade and government policy.Economics, both macro- and microeconomics, is about the merriment of wants. It is necessary to be quite clear about this it is peoples wants rather than their needs which forget the motive for economic activity. People go to work in order to obtain an income which will buy them the things they want rather than the things they need.It is not possible to define need in terms of every picky quantity of a product, because this would imply that a certain level of consumption is right for an individual. Economists tend to repeal this kind of value judgment which tries to specify how much people ought to consume. It is assumed that individuals wish to enjoy as much well-being as possible, and if thei r consumption of food, clothing, entertainment and other goods and services is less than the amount needful to give them complete satisfaction they will want more of them.Resources are scarce when they are skimpy to satisfy peoples wants. Scarcity is a relative concept. It relates the extent of peoples wants to their ability to satisfy those wants. Neither peoples wants nor their ability to produce goods and services are constant. Most countries creative potential is increasing but so is the appetite of their citizens for goods and services. When a certain living standard is reached, people strive for even better living conditions.A good example of this is wellness care. As medical science and technology advances, people expect more ailments to be treated. So scarcity is a experience of all societies from the poorest to the most affluent. CHOICE- The resources available to satisfy peoples wants are, at anytime, limited in supply. As most people cannot have all the goods and serv ices they want, they have to make choices. With no jumpstart in income, if someone wants to buy, for instance, a new coat they may have to spend less on eating out for a while.Similarly with limited resources, if a country wishes to devote more resources to health care it will have to reduce the resources it devotes to, for example, education. In considering scarcity and choice economists make use of fortune cost. This is a very important concept in economics. It makes clear the true resource cost of any economic decision. For instance, building a new hospital may mean that the construction of a blossom of motorway has to be postponed.So luck cost is the cost in terms of the best alternative forgone. For example, if a person buys a watch it may cost ? 50 but what is more solid is what has to be given up to make the purchase. This may be the opportunity to purchase a equal of shoes or the opportunity to have extra leisure instead of working to earn the. In the case of the vast m ajority of goods and services, resources have to be used in order to produce them.For example, to provide health care requires the use of labor in the form of doctors and nurses, land on which the hospital is make and capital in the form of beds, operating tables, dialysis machines and other equipment. So the production of most goods and services involves an opportunity cost the resources employed could be put to other uses. These products are called economic goods. However there are a few goods which do not involve an opportunity cost, for example sea water and sunshine. This is because they do not require resources to produce them they are in existence naturally. These products are known as let go goods.

African Americans and Southern Racism During Reconstruction Essay Example for Free

African Americans and Confederate Racism During Reconstruction EssayIntroductionAt the abrogate of the Civil War, America faced the knock place task of uniting not only ii separated territories of the United States, but also two washs long separated by racism and culture. Devastated and embittered by the damage of the war, the south-central had a long route to go in order to achieve true equality between the agent slave owners and former slaves. The majority of the south-central remained set in racist behavior, finding post-Civil War legal loopholes to diminish African American rights (Tindall Shi, 2010, pp. 757-758). Southerners continued to marginalize drabs in their behavior toward ex-slaves and the later African American generation, continuing the escalation of racial tensions by dint of white terror and discriminatory attitudes (Tindall Shi, 2010, p. 759). Most subversively, southern newspapers propagated stereotypes against African Americans in their coverage a nd descriptions of natural conventions (Logue, 1979, p. 342). Although Radical Reconstruction offered some progress toward social equality after the Civil War, its success was transeunt as African Americans suffered vast disenfranchisement through racist rulings, attitudes, and media representation in the South at the farm of the century.Rulings against African AmericansAfter the Civil War had come to an end, African Americans in the South quickly make use of their new-found political and social rights, employing their right to vote from the Fifteenth Amendment and serving as prominent political figures (Tindall Shi, 2010, p. 722). However, the formerly fervent commitment to Radical Reconstruction presently dwindled (Tindall Shi, 2010, p. 739). Many of the advances toward civil equality were soon erased In 1883, the Supreme Court declared the Civil Rights Laws of 1875 unconstitutional, and the political power Blacks had gained, especially in the South where 90% of Blacks lived , was completely undone. Black voterparticipation dropped from 96% to 26% in South Carolina in just 12 years (1876-1888) in those same 12 years, voter participation of Blacks dropped from 53% to 18% in Georgia (Burris-Kitchen Burris, 2011, p. 5). Even while African Americans enjoyed an uninhibited emancipation to voting rights, many becalm suffered disenfranchisement at the hands of rampant racial discrimination in the South.Although discontent Southerners could not impede the Black right to vote, they found ulterior methods to marginalize African Americans. Since the Fifteenth Amendment made it impossible simply to turn remote African Americans the right to vote, disenfranchisement was accomplished indirectly, through such devices as poll taxes (or head taxes) and literacy tests (Tindall Shi, 2010, p. 757). Jim Crow laws mandated racial segregation in public areas in the South and were often accompanied by physical do by and terror to African Americans (Tindall Shi, 2010, p p. 756-759).These underhand activities in the South demonstrated that while African Americans were technically free, they continually suffered from unjust rulings and actions. These sprang from the rampantly racist attitudes in the South Although great strides were made toward political and economic freedom for Blacks following the Civil War, the progress made was quickly squashed by political movements and rhetoric, which implied that Blacks could not wield their newly-found freedom and that the livid working class was threatened by Blacks who were trying to take their jobs, their property, and their government away from them (Burris-Kitchen Burris, 2011, p. 5).Racist AttitudesMany Southerners continued to believe and propagate these ideas that African Americans had a subversive agenda to the White working class. These ideas culminated in deep-seated attitudes against African Americans in the South During the 1890s the attitudes that had permitted moderation in race relations ev aporated. A violent Negrophobia swept across the South and much of the nation at the end of the century (Tindall Shi, 2010, p. 756). However, African Americans at the turn of the century had become weary of disenfranchisement and were ready to stand up against these attitudes This generation was more assertive and less patient than their parents. We are not the Negro from who the chains of thraldom fell a quarter century ago, most assuredly not, a black editor denote (Tindall Shi, 2010, p. 756). Unfortunately, this may have simply increased a White agenda of racial discrimination, as a growing number of young white adults, however, were equally determined to keep Negroes in their place (Tindall Shi, 2010, p. 756).Whether Southerners mat that African Americans imposed a threat to their jobs, their safety, or their rights, the overarching attitude of the South clearly displayed a soused confide to maintain racial dominance of the pre-Civil War era. Part of this attitude motivat ed a desire to limit education for African Americans To keep Blacks uneducated meant Whites could boast of their superior intellect this had been in the inventory of Whites for hundreds of years prior to Reconstruction and continues to be used over 130 years after Reconstruction. defence reaction of education for Blacks existed through Reconstruction as a form of White racism and a apology for their inferior political and economic status (Burris-Kitchen Burris, 2011, p. 6). Any kind of advantage Whites could claim in the South became ammunition in their discriminatory attitudes. These ideas and attitudes fed the propagation of racist stereotypes and bias in southern newspapers. prejudiced Media in the SouthPerhaps the most subtle yet shocking form of racism in the South during Reconstruction was the biased reporting of many southern newspapers. Whether the ideas and attitudes of many southern Whites influenced these published stereotypes or vice versa, it is clear that southern effects often back up and promoted racist attitudes at the end of the century. A publication in Charleston, South Carolina displayed this racist subtext While promising its readers truth, the Charleston Mercury mocked journalistic license by actually printing racist ridicule. A favorite method was to scorn African-Americans in the convention as a race, exploiting racist attitudes saved by white readers from slavery (Logue, 1979, p. 339). Covering the constitutional convention in Columbia in 1867, white journalists used racist stereotypes in describing the black delegates involvement Reporters emphasized how blacks would laugh and grin, thereby exploiting the racist assumption of many whites that blacks were mere fun-loving, animal-like creatures who had to be protected from themselves (Logue, 1979, p. 341).The Charleston paper encouraged racistattitudes through the ridicule of black speech and pronunciation, mocking ex-slave ignorance rather than reporting important issues discuss ed at the convention When blacks debated the issue of changing the title of districts to counties, for example, the only thing the reporters heard was the very awkward safe of deestrict as district is pronounced by some of the delegates. Because of their preoccupation with such factors, reporters seldom informed their readers to the highest degree issues that were discussed, such as public education, relief from debts, taxes, and so on (Logue, 1979, p. 342). In this manner, the South remained entrapped in a media-fueled suspicion and fear of African Americans, feeding the continued presence of racism and discrimination during the post-Civil War reconstruction. finishingIn conclusion, the progress of Radical Reconstruction largely failed to reform the disenfranchisement of African Americans in the South on a long-term scale. The attitudes of the Southern whites continued to influence the freedom of former slaves as they faced penetrating rulings, racist attitudes, and biased media . While some African Americans from further generations were largely unwilling to bow obsequiously to the effects of white terror and discrimination, civil rights equality had a long and arduous path to ending in the South. While many of the racist attitudes of the post-Civil War South seem shocking to a present-day(a) reader, the influence of the actions and attitudes of white Southerners serves as a reminder of the power of repeated falsehoods, particularly within media subtext and bias.The disenfranchisement of African Americans during reconstruction displays the extent of deep-seated racial prejudice based on fear, stubbornness, and ignorance. As Burris-Kitchen and Burris point out Throughout American history, Blacks have been demonized and criminalized, and this history has led us to where we are today. Until we can change the perceptions of Blacks through the media, political and economic arenas they will continue to pay the price for an inherently racist political, economic , educational, and criminal arbitrator system (Burris-Kitchen Burris, 2011, p. 14).ReferencesBurris-Kitchen, D., Burris, P. (2011). From slavery to prisons Ahistorical delineation of the criminalization African Americans. Journal of Global password Policy, 4 (5), 1-16. Retrieved from http//0-web.ebscohost.com.library.regent.edu/ehost/pdfviewer/pdfviewer?sid=adef70d4-c4d9-4d2b-b5c9-3b1efa487879%40sessionmgr14vid=2hid=127 Logue, C. M. (March 1979). Racist reporting during reconstruction. Journal of Black Studies, 9 (3), 335-349. Retrieved from http//www.jstor.org/stable/2784304 Tindall, G. B. Shi, D. E. (2010). America A write up history (8th ed.). New York W.W. Norton Company.

Søren Kierkegaard Essay Example for Free

Sren Kierkegaard Es verifyThe term empiric philosophy has been applied to the human subject in all aspects of the individual. Through the approximations of existentialism, philosophers stool looked at the existence of the human being. An existential attitude of the world is one of confusion and belief in a meaningless world. The beliefs of existentialism came about as a complete change from the beliefs of periods same(p) the amatory period. This philosophical view of smell came about in the 19th century. These ideas could better be explained by incidents like WWII, and how if in that location was a god, he would not relieve oneself let such destruction happen. This view on life led to the pondering on weather or not our confronts had any meaning or order to them or if they were completely random and out of our control. This time brought about many different existentialist philosopher philosophers, all having in truth different opinions and views of the world and its me aning. (Crowell, Steven) Soren Kierkegaard was kn proclaim as the father of existentialism with his unsanded views of life beginning in the 19th century. The basis and the beginning of most of Kierkegaards work came from his views on the Danish Church.He is popularly known for his term the leap of faith. He referred to this term both in a persons belief in immortal and in love. This is because as he would say neither of these are things we can prove or know for sure, but only something we have to have faith in, something that can be doubted. Kierkegaard also found an importance on self-introspection and the individuals subjective relation to a certain subject. (McDonald, William) For example, groups who believe the same basic think all look at it with there own relativity.Most of Kierkegaards beliefs and philosophies have to do with moral and religious issues. These issues are the basis for a new way of thinking and looking at life that would later become known as existentialism. former(a) early philosopher in the 19th century with many existential elements in his thinking was Friedrich Nietzsche. Nietzsche had views that were existential, yet they differed very much from that of Kierkegaard. He questioned Christianity and many other religions that tried to give people religion in there life.(Wicks, Robert ) Nietzsche also had ideas on the value of life and the purpose of life that formed from his belief on morality and God. Most of his ideas did not become very popular and well known until after his lifetime. A hug drug after WWII many of his philosophical works were revived after much translation. Nietzsche views of morality were Homeric and he saw morality more as wealth, strength, health, and power and not things like charity and pity. The statement that God is dead is something that was used by Nietzsche in his writing.Like much doctrine, some interpretation is done in understanding what it is they mean. Some saw Nietzsche as an atheist as he though t God no longer existed. This belief leads to a feeling that nothing matters in our life and leads to a loss on any perspective on any thing. These views on life from Nietzsche may have led to his symptoms of derangement in 1879. (Wicks, Robert) Jean-Paul Sartre is one of the most well known existentialists of the 20th century. He was a novelist, philosopher, and existentialist.Sartre became interested with the ideas of philosophy early on in his life. (Flynn, Thomas) After being involved with WWII there is a shift in his views on things and he spent most of his life thinking about his existentialist ideas about necessitous will and communism. Sartre spent much time with the idea of consciousness and the idea that reflective consciousness or the idea of self-knowledge is something that always fails. He also said how man tries to make sense of the world it lives in is its only way of proving its own existence.(Flynn, Thomas) Sartre also gives a completely new spin on the idea of b road will. The idea that if there were a overlord that there would be a plan for it. However, because of this free will people believe in there must be no such creator that has a plan for us. Through this, we can see that atheism was fundamental to the style of Sartres existentialism beliefs. Throughout history, there have been many different beliefs on the world, life, politics, and religion. In most movements there is no real say that one is better than another when it comes down to strictly opinionated views.In the case of existentialism it can be seen just through the three philosophers Kierkegaard, Nietzsche, and Sartre we can see how one philosophical idea can be approached and looked at in so many different ways. The ideas and theories that make up both philosophy and religion are so diverse and will vary between severally individual person. There is no wrong answer in the work of these philosophers, or that of any other philosophers, all make valid points and allow future generations to see there work and make them think. all(prenominal) human is entitled to there own belief about the purpose of life and there existential views are only important to them.It is our beliefs on life that portray how we go about living our lives and what we live for. Wok Cited Crowell, Steven. Existentialsim. Stanford encyclopedia of Philosophy. 2004. 11 Mar 2009 . Existentialism. Wikipedia. Wikipedia Foundation Inc.. 11 Mar 2009 . Flynn, Thomas. Jean-Paul Sartre. Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy. 2004. 11 Mar 2009 . McDonald, William. Soren Kierkegaard . Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy. 1996. 11 Mar 2009 . Wicks, Robert. Friedrich Nietzsche. Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy. 1997. 11 Mar 2009 .

Igniting Flammable Liquids with Cigarettes

Igniting combustible Liquids with Cig atomic number 18ttesCig bettes detectm like a probable dismission stemma for in combustible liquids. Cig atomic number 18ttes have been blamed for the wee of many fires, far more than they should. exclusively Cigarettes are more than tobacco plant wrapped in musical theme. They are in fact carefully engineered to rationalise in a certain(p) way Cigarettes vary well from brand to brand in their burning characteristics. Modern rear ends contain an engineered chemistry of additives to control the burning rank and moisture content of the tobacco and write up and anyone who has been a low-downr knows the fact that manufactured Cigarettes go on burning when not being puffed. This spares canrs the trouble of lighting up again unlike with rolled up cigarettes and Cigars where the smoker has to keep smoking for the blaze of the tobacco to remain lighten up. This is good for the cigarette companies and pays off in exalteder sales from cigarettes. So yes this does mean that a cigarette rolling off onto a mattress or into the crack of a sofa washbasin smoulder undetected for 30 to 40 minutes in the first determine bursting into brands. Smouldering is a form of kindleless burning which push aside occur in materials capable of charring. Smouldering can occur at in truth low type O concentrations then proceeds at a genuinely slow rate before flaming occurs. This makes people understand the real hazard of manufactured cigarettes. But that is found go forth through the visual fact of witnessing a cigarette stay literature and burn. So people exit believe just about of what they see as fact, further when many people invest down in their local theatre to watch the latest Hollywood movie they usual see the spectacular visual effects of a character throwing a lit cigarette on to a puddle of fuel and watching a large fire ball appear before their look which founts an amazing explosion. Igniting puddles of p etrol for example with cigarettes in movies is a common device. The character takes a few puffs and tosses the refulgence cigarette in the puddle. Immediately the petrol ignites.But Experiments with inflammable brages and vapours have shown that many of the most unremarkably-encountered substances, including methane and petrol vapour, were not ignited by a illuminated cigarette1So Petrol vapour cannot usually be ignited by glowing cigarettes, a fact which has been verified by many experiments.Cigarettes are rather uncommon as the source of punk for a successful structure fire. If they are decline to ignite liquid flammables, they depart almost certainly move2This paper looks to answer why a lighten up cigarette when tested against the ignition of common flammable vapours such as petrol fail but other more evaporable liquids tested are capable of ignition. Previous work carried out on cigarette ignition, related research in this field of combustion and ignition of flammable gases and liquids bequeath be canvas and researched to give the author a better understanding of the fallacy that a lit cigarette can be a danger that can readily ignite flammable liquids or gases. But not to underestimate the potential danger of such an ignition source in tidy sum where many factors can come together to form self sustained combustion.Flammable substances and liquids are utilize for a wide variety of purposes and are comm besides found in the home. Petrol is the most common, but in that respect are other flammable and combustible liquids and gases usedTable shows other flammable liquids commonly found around the homeLighter fluidOilPropaneButaneAerosol CansDiesel fuel woods preservativesKeroseneWhite spiritsFlammable materials found in the gaseous form will burn whenever mixed with the proper amount of form and properly ignited. A flammable liquid in its liquid state will not burn. It will only ignite when the vapours from the liquid evaporate in air.All flamm able liquids give off vapours that can ignite and burn when an ignition source is int gatuced. Flammable liquids require an initial energy input to produce an air/vapour mixture inside the limits of flammability (niamh mc daid)Ignition is the transition from a non oxidizable to a reactive state in which external actions threesome to thermo chemic runaway followed by rapid transition to self sustained combustionThe usual conditions for ignition are given by a 3t rule of thumb. The three Ts stand forTemperature. Must be graduate(prenominal) enough to cause significant chemical reactions and/or pyrolysisTime. Must be coarse enough to throw over get along with the heat input to be absorbed by the reactants so that a runaway thermo chemical accomplish can occurTurbulence. Must be high enough so that there is good salmagundi between fuel and oxidizer and heat can be transferred from the reacted media to the unreacted media (cite the book)Ignition will occur when the process of a ra pid exothermic reaction is started, which then gains momentum and causes the fuel to undergo change. When a flammable liquid is poured or spilled on a surface it is the vapours that are actually ignited. Vapours from liquids are what at a time support the flame. To understand how volatile certain flammable liquids are it is useful to be well-known(prenominal) with the terms used to describe their chemical properties.Vapour densityThis is a property of a vapour that predicts its behaviour when released in air. when calculating the vapour density of a liquid fuel the molecular charge of gas of the vapour by that of air in normal conditions. (approx 29) (niamh mc daid)Flash pointThe nictitation point is the lowest temperature at which a liquid fuel will produce a flammable vapour. A liquid fuel must be able to generate a vapour in sufficient quantity to reach that lower limit in air before it can burn. This moth-eaten point is measured in two diametric ways, first being a closed instill measurement and the latter being an open cup.Flammable rangesPetrol has a narrow flammable range. olibanum petrol vapour mixed with air has a lower flammability limit of just over 1% and an upper limit of 6% by volume petrol vapour in air, at normally encountered temperatures. (hollyhead) Flammable range refers to the percentage of a flammable liquid in its gaseous state to air to create an explosive mixture. Mixtures of flammable vapours with air will combust only when they are within particular ranges of vapour/air concentration. Outside of these limits the fuel-air mixture is either too lean or too rich to ignite (niamh mc daid) This varies with different flammable liquids. Gasoline has a flammability range of 1.4 to 7.6 percent. This means it will ignite when there is 1.4 parts of gasoline mixed with 100 parts airIgnition temperaturesThis is the temperature at which a particular flammable liquid gives off vapours and evaporates in air and therefore can ignite. Gasolin e will ignite when a heat source or electrical spark of at least 853 degrees comes in get through with it. Natural gas (methane) needs an ignition temperature of around 1000 degreesAuto-ignition temperature (AIT)This is the temperature at which a fuel will ignite on its own without any additional source of ignition. (Niamh mcdaid) Fires will occur because there is high temperature introduced to an area in which there is a fuel-air mixture within its flammability range. on that point are so atmospheric factors that affect the Auto-ignition temperature e.g. Oxygen levels in the area of the mixture. But so long as the heat energy can be transferred from the source to the fuel ignition fire may resultFlammabilityIn Hollyheads paper he mentions the flammability of certain liquids e.g., kerosene, white spirit and diesel oil, which are flammable liquids with flash point temperatures above normal ambient. So therefore, an ignition source has to ignite not only the flammable mixture of fu el vapour but to generate this mixture in the first mystify by heating the bulk liquid. (hollyhead)Cigarette ComponentsModern manufactured cigarette comprise of different components. The components unite can affect the performance of the cigarette including the emissions of toxicants. In British manufactured cigarettes the tobacco used is Virginia. in that location are two other main types used in commercial cigarettes which are Burley and Oriental. Each has different characteristics.These tobacco types will also vary dep annuling on their variety, in what environment they are cultivated and how that burnish is carried out. The paper around the tobacco of commercial cigarettes in modified in different brands. It can be more porous in some brands so that the amount of air passing through the paper affects the yield of a puff. The more air that can pass through the paper the more the smoke constituents passing through the cigarette are weakened which then result in lower yields of heterogeneous smoke products. Just as Baker describes when a cigarette burns, thousands of products are formed. They are distributed between the gas phase and aerosol particles which make up smoke. (baker) Modern commercial cigarettes are made with a sieve. The filter is different on most brands. The way the filter is designed can affect the amount of filtration. assorted cigarette brands can regulate the taste and smoking experience. Introducing vents in the paper surrounding the filter end can allow for dilution of smoke in lighter branding cigarettes. The bigger the length results in long-term fibres and also the materials used for the fibres all play a part in making a certain cigarette different from other brands in the market.Figure shows the different components of a manufactured cigarette, how smoke moves through the tobacco and filter and how air moves through the paper (bat)Cigarette CombustionMany of the components identified in tobacco have also been identified in it s smoke because they transfer in part from tobacco to its smoke during the smoking process. Many other identified tobacco components are not found in smoke because they decompose during the smoking process. (cite tobacco book)There has been work carried out to measure the burning temperature of a cigarette particularly those by Dr Richard R Baker have provided fundamental knowledge about the combustion/pyrolysis processes during smouldering and puffing of a cigarette. Dr Richard R. Baker has established the distributions of combustion temperature, gas velocity and key smoke constituents inside a burning cigarette. These experiments have become the foundation for the study of cigarette combustion. Dr Barkers paper studied the process of thermo physical concurrencies inside and around a burning cigarette (barker)Figure 2 shows combustion of a cigarette when being smoked (bat)The formation of smoke from a burning cigarette depends on a series of mechanisms, including generation of prod ucts by pyrolysis and combustion, aerosol formation, and physical mass transfer and filtration processes. Each mechanism, and their interactions, has a profound effect on the levels of chemical constituents in tobacco smoke. An enormous amount of research has been through on these subjects over the last 50 years. (barker) Figure 2 describes the two types of burning that take place when the cigarette is puffed. There is also a natural smoulder occurring between the puffs by the smoker. There are two main regions at the tip on the coal, namely the combustion zone A and the pyrolysis and distillate zone B. Combustible vapours are produced in zone B prior to ignition in zone A. During puffing, air is draw into the cigarette through the paper and at the paper bum line. When a smoker draws on a lit cigarette, the temperature of the cigarette coal rises rapidly from its resting smouldering temperature of around 600 C. top pufftemperatures at the periphery of the coal can exceed 900 Cdurin g a 35 mL, 2-sec puff. The high temperature inside the coal causes an increase in the viscosity of the air flowing through and a nonessential increase in the resistance to the draw of air through the coal. This effect forces air to be drawn primarily into the periphery of the coal around the paper burn line, which causes more complete combustion in this peripheral region.The depletion of oxygen due to combustion results in the formation of a region immediately nooky the coal where the temperatures remain high enough for thermal decomposition of tobacco (the pyrolysis/distillation zone). Large amounts of volatile and semi-volatile smoke constituents are produced in this region. A small amount of air is drawn in along the tobacco rod through permeable cigarette paper and smoke temperature decreases rapidly to produce a supersaturated aerosol. The smoke thus formed during a puff is subjected to filtration by the remaining tobacco rod and cigarette filter, as well as dilution by any f ilter ventilation holes. Some harmonize of the light gases (such as CO) will diffuse out of the highly permeable cigarette paper. The smoke that leaves the let the cat out of the bag end of the cigarette is called mainstream smoke. Between puffs, hot smoke escapes from the top of the cigarette and forms the sidestream smoke.In the authors research for this paper the general opinion that cigarettes are the cause of fires is truthful, as there is no headland that many fires are started by cigarettes and the careless smoker is usually the reason for the high number of fires originating from smoking cigarettes. Despite advances in the fire retardant foams in furnishings and mattresses, smoking in bed remains a threat to the synthetic rubber of people. But it is a common occurrence to hear theories about how smoking caused a fire when the aver ignition would not have been successful under certain circumstances.No one combustion logical argument alone can be used to explain why gaso line (petrol) vapour and methane are not ignited by cigarettes whereas hydrogen and ampere-second disulphide are.In fact, the parameters themselves are inter-related and taken as a total can express the propensity of a substance to react with oxygen to form combustion products. This is directly related to the ease with which chemical bonds are broken to lead to the formation of the more stable products of carbon dioxide and water, which result from the combustion of most of these fuels. hollyheadRecent tests by the ATF Fire research Laboratory involved contact of burning tobacco cigarettes of different brands with petrol vapour from a pool at room temperature. A total of 137 attempts were made using both smouldering and actively drawn puffs with no ignitions observed. De haanTests have shown the oxygen levels in cigarettes in the vicinity of combustion to be very low and carbon dioxide levels to be very high, both factors reducing the chances of vapour ignitionThe conditions in th e combustion zone of a cigarette, which is deficient in oxygen and rich in hydrogen and carbon dioxide, together with the rapid and efficient tobacco-oxy- preparation of the oxygen reaction conspire to allow only the most reactive of substances to be ignited, and result in flame propagation to the vapour air mixtures outside the cigarette coal.Repeated attempts to cause explosions by inserting a lit cigarette into an explosive fuel vapour-air mixture have resulted in failure over many experiments. HollyheadThe domicile time of airborne vapours in the cigarette being puffed is so short that there is not enough time for any but the most reactive species to ignite. The fuel elements in a commercially manufactured cigarette is such that quenching distance of all but most reactive gases is not exceeded, suppressing any sustained ignition.Experimental evidence and consideration of the cigarette combustion process, alongside ignition parameters of substances, show that mixtures in air of petrol and methane are not ignited by a lighted cigarette. It is very likely, therefore, that many fires have been wrongly attributed to a lighted cigarette such a cause fire can often be the refuge of the uninitiatedNo Smoking regimes at chemical plants, oil gas installations and indeed petrol filling stations is, therefore, not in vain. Although a cigarette may not be an immediate problem, the lighted match or cigarette lighter flame used to light it, certainly couldOccasionally contaminates or faults from the manufacture of the cigarettes, may it be in the tobacco filling or paper can cause some brief tiny flames. Given the responsibility conditions and such an atmosphere where there is a fault and a perfect fuel-air mixture. Such flames would be a suitable ignition source. So even though many tests have proved that it is virtually inconceivable for a lit cigarette or cigar to ignite most flammable vapours, this could ensure the ignition of a fire, explosion or both.In study fo r this paper the author came across a message board where a guy was irate at the fact he seen another person smoke a cigarette on the fore court of a filling station. To his dismay when confronting the person in question about the stupidity of his action he promptly got the reply that cigarettes dont lit petrol, I seen it on figment busters. Goes to show that what some people see on Television is believed as fact, just like in the Movies. Some things will never change11. www.wikilaw3k.org/forum. Cars-Transportation-Safety/Smoking-at-the-gas-pump. cited 2010 4/11 Available from http//www.wikilaw3k.org/forum/Cars-Transportation-Safety/Smoking-at-the-gas-pump-345109.htm.