Importance of Change in Ray Bradburys Fahrenheit 451 Essay -- Ray Bra

Importance of Change in Ray Bradburys Fahrenheit 451What is change? Websters Dictionary, defines changeas to cause to become different alter interpret convert. Many things, people,and world events are able to change. Years of peace may be shattered by oneact of terrorism. Technology changes how people interact and work in theworld. People also change. Many do not see any wrongdoing internally, and remainthe way they are. However, there might be outside factors that help them realizewhat is wrong with them or the lifestyle they choose to take part in. Accordingto Preston Bradley, I dont care how much a worldly concern may consider himself a failure,I believe in him, for he can change the thing that is wrong in his life any condemnationhe is ready and prepared to do it. Whenever he develops the desire, he can takeaway from his life the thing that is defeating it. The capacity for reformationand change lies within. passim Fahrenheit 451, Montag, a dedicated substituteand book burne r, sees pleasure and titillation from burning books and destroyinglifetimes of important ideas. When outside influences put confusion in him, hebegins a series of changes, eventually becoming a revolutionary in a societywhere books are valued.Many factors contribute to the changes found in Montag. One of the outsetinfluences during the story is the exquisitely observant Clarisse McClellan. Sheis different from all of the others in society who like to head for a Fun Parkto bully people around, or break windowpanes in the Car Wrecker. She likes toobserve people, and she observes Montag, diagnosing him as astrange...fireman. He is not like the others because when she talks, helooks at her, and when she said something about the moon, he looks at it.Clarisse tells Montag that he is different from the other people. He hassomething inside of him that makes him put up with her. Clarisse makes Montaglook at himself for the basic time when she asks him, Are you happy? Montagthinks that she is lecture nonsense, but he realizes that he truly is not happy.Something is missing from his life. Looking at his lifestyle, he found that theonly thing that I Montag positively knew was kaput(p) was the books Id hedburned in ten or twelve years. Clarisse helped Montag to start to think forhimself, instead of letting the society... ...he society outside set books, and byjoining it, Montag shows that he is changed from rebel to the ultimate rebel, asoldier of an army that has a strong influential power because of itsattraction to books and their meanings.In Fahrenheit 451, Montag, a dedicated fireman and book burner changescharacter and opinion through the help of influential characters and events,gradually transforming into an individualistic person of the society, arebellious soldier in an army of readers. Montag first changes when he meetsClarisse, opening his eyes and being able to see his own faults and those of thesociety. He changes further when he questions himself and t hinks about hislifestyle after learning how muscular the meaning in the books are when thewoman insists on dying. Montag learns the importance of books in the societywhen he meets Faber, learning how the meaning in books can be use to what ishappening in society. Killing Beatty shows his change from being a passivereader and spy to an active revolutionary. Finally, Montags changes arecompleted when he joins the organization that values books, therefore becoming asoldier of an influential army.

The life of Richard :: essays research papers

born Leipzig, 22 May 1813 died Venice, 13 February 1883). He was the son either of the police actuary Friedrich Wagner, who died soon after his birth, or of his mothers friend the painter, actor and poet Ludwig Geyer, whom she married in August 1814. He went to school in Dresden and then Leipzig at 15 he wrote a play, at 16 his first compositions. In 1831 he went to Leipzig University, also studying music with the Thomaskantor, C.T. Weinlig a symphony was written and successfully performed in 1832. In 1833 he became chorus master at the Wrzburg theatre and wrote the text and music of his first opera, Die Feen this remained unheard, but his next, Das Liebesverbot, written in 1833, was ordered in 1836. By then he had made his dbut as an opera conductor with a small company which however went wear soon after performing his opera. He married the singer Minna Planer in 1836 and went with her to Knigsberg where he became musical director at the theatre, but he soon left and took a simi lar post in Riga where he began his next opera, Rienzi, and did much conducting, especially of Beethoven. In 1839 they slipped away from creditors in Riga, by ship to London and then to Paris, where he was befriended by Meyerbeer and did hack-work for publishers and theatres. He also worked on the text and music of an opera on the Flying Dutchman legend but in 1842 Rienzi, a large-scale opera with a political theme set in imperial Rome, was accepted for Dresden and Wagner went there for its highly successful premiere. Its theme reflects something of Wagners give politics (he was involved in the semi-revolutionary, intellectual Young Germany movement). Die fliegende Hollnder (The Flying Dutchman), given the next year, was less well received, though a much tauter musical drama, root system to move away from the number opera tradition and strong in its evocation of atmosphere, especially the supernatural and the raging seas (inspired by the stormy trip from Riga). Wagner was now appo inted reefer Kapellmeister at the Dresden court. The theme of redemption through a womans love, in the Dutchman, recurs in Wagners operas (and perhaps his life). In 1845 Tannhuser was completed and performed and Lohengrin begun. In both Wagner moves towards a to a greater extent continuous texture with semi-melodic narrative and a supporting orchestral fabric helping convey its sense.

S.W.O.T. Analysis of Boeing Corp. Essay -- SWOT Analysis

The objective of this paper is to analyze and discuss some of the Boeing play alongs origin decisions using their strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats, also known as an S.W.O.T. outline which is defined as, a planning tool used to analyze an organizations strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats. (Nickels, McHugh, McHugh, page 216). This is a very powerful tool usable by any short letter that is just outgrowthing out, going a behavior through a change in direction, or in the process of a major merger. The SWOT analysis consists of a few simple move which can provide valuable insight for direction and decision making. This paper will use The Boeing Company as an example of SWOT analysis application. The Boeing Company originally started out as the Pacific Aero Products Co., which was founded on July 15, 1916. The name was changed about a year later to The Boeing Airplane Company. The Boeing Company stayed relatively small until founding War I when th ey were selected by Navy officials to produce an order for 50 model Cs planes for the war efforts. The company continued to prosper and by the late 1950s, Boeing chairman William Allen knew that the company had the scientists, the experience and the facilities to lead the company into uncharted territories. He was right, Boeing has emerged as the leading aerospace company in the world today. The SWOT process will start by examining the internal strengths of the Boeing Company of today. One of the most dominant strengths possessed by Boeing is its ability to follow the changes in a market that is continually changing. The showcase of products produced by The Boeing Company demands the use of state of the art technology while maintaining all the proper safe guards for sa... ...It is important to continually perform SWOT analysis and to stay nimble.Overall the Boeing Company has stayed strong in the aircraft field and with record profits for the past two years it looks like they are achieving their goals. Boeing has had to change their business direction over the past 100 years in order to stay a top of the aircraft industry. To maintain a good successful business they must have used a system similar to this SWOT analysis to see where Boeing needed to be to capitalize the market. Before Boeing decided that outsourcing was the way to go, a group of Boeing peers got around a table and weighed out the pros and cons. In their business analysis they saw a way to change one of their weaknesses, in-house take a shit overload, into a potential strength. Major business decisions like this are much easier to commit too, with the use of a SWOT analysis.

Children: The Innocent Victims of Polygamy Essay -- plural marriage, do

Many people would happily accept an opportunity to have their periodical stress reduced by employing help with not completely their children but also with daily household responsibilities of cooking and cleaning. Especially in this fragile sparing state the average family alimentation in the States cannot afford the luxury of hiring a house cleaner, cook or nanny. However, there are polygamists families in America have the abilities of multiple adults bestow to the same household because of the lifestyle choice of having multiple spouses. The extra help comes at a price for charr, by having to parcel out her husband with other woman and raising her children in the difficult and uncommon lifestyle. Polygamy takes a total acceptance and understanding of it by the female parents, in order for polygamy not to have a shun psychological impact on her children. Children are the innocent victims of polygamy consequently, they grow up witnessing a tense environment filled with their mothers insecurities and rivalries with the other wives, which consecutive end up harming the child in the end. Furthermore, polygamy can be psychologically damaging to children because of the increased rates of not only welfare fraud, domestic violence, and venial marriages but also child abuse and neglect. Polygamy is defined as a marriage in which a spouse of all gender has more than unitary mate at the same time. Polygamy is considered a valid form of marriage in many countries and communities around the globe (Al-Krenawi). However, polygamy is misbranded in the United States. Those who invest polygamy in America can only be legally married to one spouse therefore, the subsequent spouses in a polygamist relationship hold a singl... ... Palestinian Case. International Journal Of Social Psychiatry 58.1 (2012) 79-95. Academic Search Complete. Web. 20 Nov. 2013. Kilbride, Phillipe Leroy, and zer, Ali, Fatma zlem Or han, and Hasan etin Ekerbier. Sociodemographic Variables And Depression In Turkish Women From bigamous Versus Monogamous Families. Health forethought For Women International 34.11 (2013) 1024-1034. Academic Search Complete. Web. 20 Nov. 2013.Page, Douglas. Plural Marriage for Our Times A Reinvented Option. 2nd ed. California Praeger, 2013. Print.Polygamy. Histats. N.p., n.d. Web. 15 Nov. 2013.Polyggamy FAQs. Polygamy.org. TM, n.d. Web. 20 Nov. 2013. White, Ryan. Two Sides Of Polygamy. Utah police force Review 2009.2 (2009) 495-502. Academic Search Complete. Web. 10 Nov. 2013. Children The Innocent Victims of Polygamy Essay -- plural marriage, do Many people would happily accept an opportunity to have their daily stress reduced by employing help with not only their children but also with daily household responsibilities of cooking and cleaning. Especially i n this fragile economic state the average family living in America cannot afford the luxury of hiring a house cleaner, cook or nanny. However, there are polygamists families in America have the abilities of multiple adults contributing to the same household because of the lifestyle choice of having multiple spouses. The extra help comes at a price for woman, by having to share her husband with other woman and raising her children in the difficult and uncommon lifestyle. Polygamy takes a total acceptance and understanding of it by the mothers, in order for polygamy not to have a negative psychological impact on her children. Children are the innocent victims of polygamy consequently, they grow up witnessing a tense environment filled with their mothers insecurities and rivalries with the other wives, which sequentially end up harming the child in the end. Furthermore, polygamy can be psychologically damaging to children because of the increased rates of not only welfare fraud, domest ic violence, and underage marriages but also child abuse and neglect. Polygamy is defined as a marriage in which a spouse of either gender has more than one mate at the same time. Polygamy is considered a valid form of marriage in many countries and communities around the globe (Al-Krenawi). However, polygamy is illegal in the United States. Those who practice polygamy in America can only be legally married to one spouse therefore, the subsequent spouses in a polygamist relationship hold a singl... ... Palestinian Case. International Journal Of Social Psychiatry 58.1 (2012) 79-95. Academic Search Complete. Web. 20 Nov. 2013. Kilbride, Phillipe Leroy, and zer, Ali, Fatma zlem Orhan, and Hasan etin Ekerbier. Sociodemographic Variables And Depression In Turkish Women From Polygamous Versus Monogamous Families. Health Care For Women International 34.11 (2013) 1024-1034. Academic Search Complete. Web. 20 Nov. 2013.Page , Douglas. Plural Marriage for Our Times A Reinvented Option. 2nd ed. California Praeger, 2013. Print.Polygamy. Histats. N.p., n.d. Web. 15 Nov. 2013.Polyggamy FAQs. Polygamy.org. TM, n.d. Web. 20 Nov. 2013. White, Ryan. Two Sides Of Polygamy. Utah Law Review 2009.2 (2009) 495-502. Academic Search Complete. Web. 10 Nov. 2013.

Sears Case Study Essay -- essays research papers

Sears Case StudyIntroductionThe great advantage of publicly held companies is that they encounter together capital and managerial expertise, to the benefit of both groups. An spendor need not know anything about making or marketing chairs in order to invest in a chair factory. A gifted producer or seller of chairs need not have capital in order to branch a business. When it runs well, both profit, and the capitalist system achieves its goals. Our system of capitalism has been less booming when the company does not run well. As some of Americas most visible, powerful, and successful companies began to slide, they demonstrated an all-but fatal weakness in the ability of our system to react in time to prevent disaster. Managers and directors at companies like IBM, General Motors, and Sears alikek their success--and their customers--for granted. They took their investors for granted, too, until it was almost too late. The problem is that the strength of the system, the separation of ownership and control, is also its weakness. A sh atomic number 18holders investment in a chair factory gives him certain rights, including the right to elect the directors and the right to inspect the books. These rights may have some meaning when the company is small enough that the investors number in the hundreds. But in large, complex companies, with investors in the millions, they are likely to exercise a third right, the right to sell. While some economists allow for argue sale of the stock sends a signficant message to management, I check out with Edward Jay Epstein, who said that "just the exchange of one powerless shareholder for another in a corporation, while it may lessen the market price of shares, will not dislodge management--or even threaten it. On th... ...illing the vacancies left by the directors "fired" in the 1991 shrinkage. Ironically, Sears was left with a board with a higher destiny of outside directors. I believe Brennan found that at leas t some of the extra accountability I was seeking was the result of the actions he took to stop me. little than six months after the annual meeting, Sears announced a massive restructuring. Coldwell Banker would be sold off in its entirety, Dean Witter would be spun off to shareholders, as would 20 percent of Allstate. The market reacted to the news by sending Sears stock up 8 percent in a single day.Changes at SearsI heavily believe that Sears recent renaissance (STOCK PRICES) is a direct result of the increased accountability of management. I believe that Sears serves as a perfect study for the set to be generated by involved and informed shareholders.

Sears Case Study Essay -- essays research papers

Sears Case StudyIntroductionThe great advantage of publicly held companies is that they bring together capital and managerial expertise, to the benefit of both groups. An investor need not know anything about making or marketing results in order to invest in a chair factory. A gifted producer or seller of chairs need not chip in capital in order to start a business. When it runs well, both profit, and the capitalist system achieves its goals. Our system of capitalism has been less successful when the company does not run well. As some of Americas most visible, powerful, and successful companies began to slide, they demonstrated an all-but fatal weakness in the ability of our system to react in time to pr heretoforet disaster. Managers and directors at companies like IBM, General Motors, and Sears took their success--and their customers--for granted. They took their investors for granted, too, until it was almost too late. The problem is that the strength of the system, the separ ation of ownership and control, is also its weakness. A shareholders investment in a chair factory gives him certain rights, including the right to elect the directors and the right to inspect the books. These rights may have some meaning when the company is small enough that the investors number in the hundreds. But in large, complex companies, with investors in the millions, they are likely to exercise a third right, the right to sell. While some economists will argue sale of the stock sends a signficant message to management, I agree with Edward Jay Epstein, who said that "just the qualify of one powerless shareholder for another in a corporation, while it may lessen the market price of shares, will not dislodge management--or even threaten it. On th... ...illing the vacancies left by the directors "fired" in the 1991 shrinkage. Ironically, Sears was left with a board with a higher percentage of outside directors. I swear Brennan found that at least some of the ext ra accountability I was seeking was the result of the actions he took to stop me.Less than six months after the yearly meeting, Sears announced a massive restructuring. Coldwell Banker would be sold off in its entirety, Dean Witter would be spun off to shareholders, as would 20 percent of Allstate. The market reacted to the give-and-take by sending Sears stock up 8 percent in a single day.Changes at SearsI firmly believe that Sears recent renascence (STOCK PRICES) is a direct result of the increased accountability of management. I believe that Sears serves as a perfect study for the values to be generated by touch on and informed shareholders.

Extraordinary Tourism

Extraordinary Hotels and Special service Table of Content Introduction Definition of Extraordinary Tourism Trend Analyse Special Services In hotels and observation of Extraordinary Hotels 2013 Future prediction and Conclusion Introduction The purpose of this report is to clarify and define an increasing impetus In tourism of modern times. The report will define and explore the different dimensions of the growing trend of extraordinary tourism and present different examples of this from a global perspective.A trend analyse will provide the reader with new concepts and emands from the tourism market. At the end of the report we will have short look at incoming predictions and the conclusions that can be made out of the results provided in this report. Definition of Extraordinary tourism The expression extraordinary tourism derives from the growing trend of outstanding accommodations offered indoors modern tourism and other alternative to main stream ways of locomotion.To simplify th is expression one could start with defining the ordinary tourism, which melt to be the most common way of travelling. The main stream way of travelling is usually defined as charter spends where the customer is provided with all travelling information and a chosen variation of destinations by a local travel agency. When we speak about extraordinary tourism the customer tend to do the destination research himself and as well for the accommodations. Research is usually provided by internet or from social networks where unique travel experiences could be sh atomic number 18d.There is numerous of alternative for the traveller to organise an extraordinary holiday, it could be an alternative accommodation, extreme location. pecialised recur or an extreme way of traveling roughly the location. The current studies of this on going trend is lacking statistical numbers save what is easy to identify in modern tourism market is that hotels and resorts are generally changing in that resp ect approach from a wide market target to a some(prenominal) more specified target group.Trend Analyse Recent studies have shown that the booking service are taking a more personalised and customised approach to meet the growing demand of extraordinary holiday experiences. Todays customer in travel agencies are decreasing hence to the easy 1 OF3 ccessed DooKlng posslDllltles onllne wnlcn Is a growing tnreat to tne market leaders in old school travel agencies around the world. It is a occurrence that the technology will and have already changed the tourism market, therefore the tourism market needs to change together with technology.Agencies are meeting these demands with different approaches but one significant trend is to offer well organised extraordinary holidays such as safari trips, diving holidays or health retreats. The extraordinary holiday has umpteen faces and the selection is growing together with demanding market consumer. The global economy is changing and new custom ers come with it and so do new destinations such as Burma and other countries where it might have been a turbulent in the past decade. The variation of different accommodations is perhaps the most outstanding segment of the extraordinary tourism.The petty city hotels are today called boutique hotels or design hotels that offers a central accommodation that appeals to the lymph nodes personal taste of interior design or offers a feeling of a stylish personal segment. For the eco friendly guest you can chose to stay in a green hotel, the adventures can stay n a tree cottage in the middle of the woods and stay warm from the open fire, the variations are many and the tourism market stays creative to do their best to stand out in this competitive market climate.Special Services in hotels and extraordinary hotels 2013 The special services provided on todays market are many and the variation is wide and in the following part of the text you will find some of the extraordinary services an d unique accommodations offered around the globe today. burn supervisor might be a new kind of supervision to many tourist but not if you ave stayed at Akaryn Samul, Koh Samul where the guest is offered to have a supervisor to prevent the guest to burn in the sun.This service is provided in a luxury resort and the Sunburn supervisor will reapply sunscreen both hour and as well after you had a dip in the pool. The divorce hotel is a hotel resort targeting couples who aim to get a divorce as soon as possible and as easy as possible. The hotel provides their guests with specialised professionals who help the guests through every step in the divorce. The variation of accommodations oday could depend a lot on your wallet and certainly if you are planning on checking in to the Poseidon undersea resort next to the Katafinga Island in Fiji.The undersea resorts consists of a luxury resort completely under water where the guests can enjoy the beauty of sea-life in the dry. A much cheaper o ption for an extraordinary accommodation could be the Jumbo leafy vegetable on Arlanda, the international airport of Stockholm in Sweden. The Jumbo super C allows the guests to have a good night sleep in a Jet plane on the ground before it is time to head up in the sky, located next o the airport but offer the guest a unique stay at the airport.Future prediction and Conclusion The extraordinary tourism seems to be the new black and for the future we can expect much more of these alternative ways of travelling. Demanding customers and a growing global economy will re-write the market of tourism and the next innovative hotel idea is Just around the corner. ReTerence list http//aboutourism. wordpress. com/trendspotting-2012/ http//www. entrepreneur. com/slideshow/175884 http//www. asiaspa. com/galleries/20130903143744

Reflection Paper Economics Essay

All in all, deal refers to how much (quantity) of a product or helping is desired by buyers. And it is determined by the determinants like taste and preferences, income, population and outlay expectation. Price must always come first. Consumers are more hunt to buy a product. if the scathe decreases. This kind of behavior on the part of buyers is in accordance with the rectitude of demand. According to the practice of law of demand, an inverse blood exists among the price of a good and the quantity demanded of that good. As the price of a good goes up, buyers demand less of that good.This law will only be validated if ceteris paribus assumption is applied that means all other things are equal or constant. It means that the determinants of demand must be constant. This inverse relationship is more readily seen using the graphical device known as the demand curve, which is nothing more than a graph of the demand schedule. Change in demand means the throw in the determinants of demand. So, an increase in demand shifts the demand curve to the right while a decrease in demand shifts a demand curve into the left. If there is a change in demand, there is also a change in quantity demand, this is different to change in demand because it only shows a movement from one point to another point (a price-quantity combination to another price-quantity combination).Another thing is the supply, it is the schedule of conglomerate quantities of commodities which producers are willing and able to produce and offer at a given, place, price and time. Its determinants are technology, cost of production, number of sellers, prices of other goods, price expectation and taxes and subsidies. The law of supply states that as price increases, quantity demanded increases and as price decreases, quantity demanded also decreases.According to the law of supply, a direct relationship exists between the price of a good and the quantity supplied of that good. As the price of a good inc reases, sellers are willing to supply more of that good. The law of supply is also reflected in the upward-sloping supply curve. A change in the quantity supplied is a movement along the supply curve due to a change in the price of the good supplied and a change in supply, like a change in demand, is represented by a shift in the supply curve. rightfulness of demand and supply explains that when the demand is greater than supply, price increases and when supply is greater than demand, price decreases. The law of supply and demand is not an actual law just it is well confirmed and understood realization that if you have a lot of one item, the price for that item should go down. At the same time you pauperization to understand the interaction even if you have a high supply, if the demand is also high, the price could also be high. In the world of stock investing, the law of supply and demand can contribute to explaining a stocks price at any given time. It is the base to any economi c understanding.

Globalization in the 21st Century Essay

worldwideization has become one of the principal symbols of economic, cultural and political life in the 21st century. Although there is no dead definition of ball-shapedization, due to the complexity of the term and the varying attitudes towards it, put simply it is the process by which nationality is becoming all the time more irrelevant. International organizations such(prenominal) as Coca Cola, Disney, McDonalds, Sony, Shell Oil and IBM, symbolize such a process. In laymans terms, globalization is basically the means by which concourse around the globe are now more connected to each other than ever before. Information and money flow more swiftly and goods and function produced in one part of the globe are progressively more obtainable worldwide. International travel is also more frequent and international discourse is routine. However globalization as we know it today is vastly different from its humble beginnings. The following essay will look at the effect global institut ions have on a national level and whether they challenge or defend the interests of the nation.Richard Peets reading deals with the beginning of globalization, brought on by a campaign for dominance and control of the worlds resources, through the use of coercion. Globalization was heralded by Columbuss discovery of America in 1492. European capitalists then required labour to develop their rising found continent. This came in the form of slavery, black slavery had an economic rather than merely a racial basis it was utilise because it was cheaper.(Peet, R. pg.120) This lead to the demise of Africas potential for development as millions of slaves were taken from their homeland. This left a void of labour in Africa, hence inhibiting their ability to develop their own nation. This is still prevalent in todays society as sweatshops in underdeveloped countries with deplorable conditions are used as labour for many of the worlds global institutions such as Nike and Polo Ralph Lauren (see attached table 9.3, Klein, N. pg.528)Wallerstein reading addresses the rise of socialism and communism as an antidote to the capitalist value of progress at any cost. He ponders whether or not historical capitalism represents progress or regression. (Wallerstein, I. pg.100) He believes historical capitalism has developed an ideological framework of oppressive humiliationwhich today we call sexismand racism. (Wallerstein, I. pg.102) Globalization has led to a very small group having a monopoly over world trade. In Australia the richest 10 percent of its population own 85% of all shares, 72% of rental investment properties and 60% of business assets. (Kelly. S, 2001)However, secernate views do exist in relation to globalization, so its important to assess both the positive and negative impact.Globalization has allowed for the creation of a new world politics, in which countries are not isolated units anymore. Globally the world has become united in dealing with issues such as pollution and environmental standards. Recent developments in information and communication technology allow individuals from different regions to communicate speedily across huge distances and access information rapidly. Democracy is cattle farm rapidly which is leading to the development of a common culture. Between 1975 and 1995 the number of democracies in the world increased from 36 to 75 states, which coincided with the globalization boom, and has lead to much(prenominal) closer links between nations. For less developed countries, globalization offers access to foreign capital, global export markets, and advanced technology, allowing faster growth which in winding promotes poverty reduction, democratization, and higher labour and environmental standards. (www.freetrade.org/issues/globalization.html)In contrast opponents to globalization believe it increases inequality between nations. Such inequality is caused due to the rapid working out of trade and economic developments without reference to human rights and labour standards. Globalization inhibits governments from subjecting worldwide economic forces to regulation and control. The uneven distribution of wealth associated with rapid globalization whitethorn be widening the gap between certain countries and regions. In order for a nation to prosper in todays economy, they must stimulate the core foundation of competitiveness. Such competitiveness leads to the exploitation of poorer nations, further contributing to the uneven distribution of wealth. Global organizations increase their profit margins at the expense of the sweatshop prole whose human and civil rights are being violated. Illegal activities such asterrorism and drug trafficking have been allowed to flourish due to the free movement of goods and persons, the assay-mark of globalization.In conclusion globalization bodes both good and ill for piece however nevertheless appears to be here to stay, whether we like or not. The challenge tha t lies ahead is not to try and reverse it, but to harness the positive potential whilst minimising the adverse effects. Unless this opportunity is seized, nations and global institutions will continue to struggle for domination and power. Those nations and institutions otiose to compete and adapt in their current global economic climate will continue to be used by those that can. It is now up to mankind to decide wether or not the power will be cleverly used or not.BibliographyKelly, S. (2001) Australians wealth and retirement, http//pandora.nla.gov.au/pan/10635/20011112/www.onlineopinion.com.au/2001/Jul01/Kelly.htm, accessed 05/05/03Klein, N. (2000) No Logo, Table 9.3. Sweatshop Profiles, London FlamingoPeet, R. (1991) Global Capitalism Theories of societal development, London Routledge, pp. 114-124Wallerstein, I. (1983) Historical Capitalism, London Verso, pp. 97-110)http//www.freetrade.org/issues/globalization.html, The Benefits of Globalization, accessed 04/05/03

Investigating the Acceleration of Connected Particles Essay

AimThe aim of this try is to investigate the interrogative sentence of a ropeway on a plane and compare the results with a numeral model.Models Assumptions* No Friction When creating the mathematical model I am going to assume that there is no rubbing acting upon the trolley. This is due to the fact that the trolley will be running upon a smooth plane, which bump offers no resistance. The trolley is also constructed upon wheels, which minimises the affects of friction between wheel and surface if any. what is more the track used for the trolley is specifically designed for the trolley, therefore reducing friction even more.* Smooth Pulley The pulley over which the weights pulling the trolley will be passing through, will be smooth. This is for the reasons that the most costly and smoothest pulley available to me will be used. Therefore this should not also provide any resistance, which may impede the flow of motion.* Inextensible String The string, which will be attached to the trolley to accelerate it, will be inextensible, i.e. the string used will not be elastic.* Flat Surface The plane over which the trolley is going to be run must be unwavering, i.e. it must not be slanted up or down or to a side, or else gravity will also be playing a major part in the acceleration or deceleration of the trolley. To ensure the track is flat I placed a ping-pong ball on the track. If the ball rolled up, down or to a side then I would bash that the track is not flat and would adjust it in accordance with the motion of the ping-pong ball.* String not at an angle The string running off the trolley should be parallel to the track. This is due to the fact that a non-parallel string would be pulling the trolley down as well as forwards. clout Forwards = ? Cos ?pull Down = ? Cos ?* No Swaying In the mathematical model I am going to assume that the falling mickle does not sway. This uses the same concept as the rope not being parallel to the trolley. If the mass sways, the falling mass is not using its full potential.Pulling Down = mPulling Sideways = m Cos ?* Negligible Air-Resistance This is due to the unique construction of the trolley low frame, compact design and no ext give noticeed parts or objects disrupting the aero-dynamics.ConductTo mimic the real life situation of the motion of a trolley on a plane I am going to use a trolley of mass ranging from 498g to 1498g, which will be run upon a set of smooth tracks. To accelerate the trolley a light inextensible string will be attached to the trolley, which will then be run over a smooth pulley. At this end of the string masses ranging from 20g 80g will be attached which will accelerate the trolley. The mass of the trolley will also be changed. The length of the track will always be kept at 1 metre and the time taken for the trolley to travel the metre will be recorded. While conducting the experiment I realised that clamp holding the pulley covered 1cm of the track. Therefore when car rying out the experiment I released the trolley from 1.1m along the track, giving the trolley its 1m course to run.AccuracyTo ensure accurate and reliable results a set of fixed rules must be followed. The length of the track will always be kept to 1 metre. Also three separate readings will be recorded when measuring the time taken for the trolley to travel the fixed metre. Furthermore I am going to ensure that the track is flat, i.e. it is not slanted up, down or to a side, else gravity will also be acting upon the car.Mathematical ModelTo create the mathematical model I am going to use Newtons minute law, which states, The change in motion is proportional to the force. For objects with constant mass, as is the case with this experiment, this can be interpreted, as the force is proportional to the acceleration.Resultant force = mass * accelerationThis is write F = maThe resultant force and the acceleration are always in the same direction.If I use the equation of Newtons second l aw F = ma and transpose it into the form y = mx + c where the gradient of the graph is gravity.F = mamg T = ma T = Ma (Substitute into mg T = ma)mg Ma = mamg = ma + Mamg = a (m+M)a = g (m/m+M)a = g (m/m+M) + 0y = m x + cThis graph should pass through the points (0,0).To work out acceleration for the mathematical model using the above formula.Mass of trolley (M) = 498gMass of weight (m) = 20gDistance = 1ma = g (m/m+M) + 0a = 9.81 (20/20+498)a = 0.38 ms-2All the accelerations have been worked using the above technique and have been presented in the table of results below.Mass of Trolley (g)Mass of weight (g)Distance (m)Acceleration (ms-2)

My Personal Goals And Expectation As A Student Essay

It has been 20 years since I wear been in drill and I want to be here at The University of Phoenix to finally get the degree that I have put off for so some years. I realize there may be road blocks ahead of me that I am not aware of at this time, but I am making a commitment to myself to be lucky. The road I have chosen is long overdue, but I be populateve it is the right choice and something I strongly desire. I selected the U of P due the accelerated program offered, the lavishly caliber of educators, and recommendations by friends. After just one class, Im very excited about my choice and look forward to the challenges ahead.At the U of P, I consent to obtain the subsistledge and tools to help me be successful and to finally make things right with myself and my employer. I say this as, in the past, I have misled my former and current employers that I have an education beyond high school. Through hard work and dedication, I have been able to produce and prosper in my profes sional life, even without an education beyond high school. simply I incur with a real degree in hand, Ill be more confident and elevated of myself for the hard work and dedication it exit take to accomplish this intent. Also, the dark cloud of my misrepresentation go out finally be lifted. I believe I will finally be proud of myself and gain the honor and integrity I desire.My personal goal is to obtain a Bachelors degree in Business Management. As I pursue my goal at U of P, I must dedicate myself. To achieve this goal, there must be commitment, discipline, desire and expectations. There will be many challenges that lie ahead of me as I steadily make my journey to achieving a degree. But I feel I can overcome any obstacles and expression any challenge, due to my maturity level and positive outlook. Twenty years ago, I did not feel the need or have the desire as I do now.Other than the obvious goal of obtaining a degree, I trust to finally have the skills, knowledge and tool s to obtain further success in my professional life. I also feel a degree will give me more self-assertion in myself both personally and professionally. The education that I will receive will help me tremendously in my professional career. I feel I will be much more vendible to my present employer as well as future employers. Advancementopportunities will come to fruition as I go through the educational advance process.Throughout this new learning process, I hope to develop the skills to be a better communicator, both orally and in written communications. Ive ever so somewhat lacked confidence in writing and I hope to gain the skills to write effective letters and reports. I hope to develop leadership skills and have confidence in myself and in the decisions I make. I hope to learn how to set priorities and manage my time better both at home and at work. Just making the decision and taking the steps to further my education feels liberating and eases the anxiety Ive always felt a bout not furthering my education. I feel my fears about not measuring up will subside and a sense of camaraderie will develop with my associates at work.Since beginning classes, I hope the stimulation I feel now will continue to grow and ease the fears Ive always had about learning again. I expect my confidence level to rise and as I get more confidence, my mind will open up to new ideas and better ways of doing things. I hope this stimulating environment will foster new ideas that I can use in my professional life. Above all, I believe this journey will bring to me a sense of accomplishment, pride, and confidence.In my personal life, I realize I must make many sacrifices. The time I must send in obtaining a degree will require I give up the very little free time I currently transport with my family. My work schedule is extremely full now and leaves very little time with my family. Taking classes will totally eliminate any time I had to spend with them, but they are very supportiv e and understand the rewards we will all reap from this undertaking. Im doing this for all of us, as I know the personal and professional growth and successes will be invaluable for our future.

Judgement in “Sonny’s Blues” and “Cathredral

The short story Sonnys Blues written By James Baldwin is a story of two brothers who come to understand each other. The story begins and takes place in Harlem, New York City, where the fibber, whose name isnt mentioned at all(prenominal) in the literature, is a teacher at a local high school, as he is on his way to work then reads on a newspaper that his junior brother, Sonny, who he hasnt seen or spoke to in a while, has been arrested for possession and use of heroin.Throughout the story, he depicts Sonny as this troubled almost young man, who never had any sense of direction towards what he wanted to do with his life or what he wanted to become. He viewed him as a product of the system, because as children growing up Harlem, was basically a dark whole, full of malice, drugs, and corruption. After his short stint in jail, the narrator then welcomes his younger brother to stay with him and his wife for the time being. While Sonnys stay at his older brothers house, he then beg offs to him his ageless struggles in life and why everything was so different for him as he was growing up.He tells him that no one ever really listened to what he wanted to postdate in life, and how he wanted to be this Jazz musician, but everyone just debated it was a phase. The narrator still didnt really understand where Sonny was advance from. Until Sonny, one night invited him over to a local jazz bar, where everyone knows and respects him, to go watch him and his buddies play some music. It is then, as Sonny and the band is on stage, he begins to watch his younger brother struggle with the music.He watches his entire brothers struggles come pouring out as he plays, and then he finally realizes who Sonny is and what hes made of. In the short story, Cathedral written by Raymond Carver, similar to Sonnys Blues the narrator of the storys name isnt given. The setting takes place in Connecticut, where the death of a blind mans wife, gets him to visit an old employee of his. The narrator who is the husband of the woman who use to work for the blind man, isnt fond of him staying at their house.As the story moves along, the reader can see how the husband is ignorant, in the particular that he frequently keeps stating to himself how he doesnt understand how someone can fall in love with a person who is blind, until after eating supper and his wife went off upstairs to get dressed. They both sit in the living room, and the husband invites Robert to smoke a joint. While flicking through channels, they finally leave something, they argon willing to bare. Its a show on different types of cathedrals around the world. The husband then asks Robert, if he has any idea or imagination of what an factual cathedral looks like.Robert says no, and he wants the husband to explain. The narrator has a life-changing moment, while trying to tell Robert what a cathedral looks like. The narrator, as he first trying to explain what the cathedral looks like, struggles for the wor ds. However, upon Roberts encouragement, the narrator loosens up, when the blind man asks him to go grab a piece of paper and pen so they can both occur this cathedral together. This is a close personal association and intimate moment of communication for the narrator, and it impacts him greatly.The narrator is able to connect with Robert, and this is the moment where the narrator can gift aside his insecurities and actually interact with someone else. People always have different views on different people, places or things. In my opinion I believe everyone should be open to meeting new people, giving people chances, or even be more open minded to different situations, because you can lease a lot from something or somebody else. For example the understanding of the older brother towards Sonnys struggles in Sonnys Blues and the connection the narrator in Cathedral had with the blind man.

Exploration of a Journal Article in Sociology Essay

Because we collapse a capitalistic economy, business is the main component of it. Business is in every corner of every field of the market. Most everything you can possible think of that relates to the economy is business. Retail, function, agriculture, manufacturing, health care, even political campaigning all involves business. Even when civilizations were based on an agricultural symbol of economy, business transactions occurred The business I have chosen for this is Mc Donalds.In 1974, McDonalds opened its first restaurant in the US. Today, more than 2. meg people in this country place the trust in McDonalds every day -trusting the Company to provide us with food of a high gear standard, quick service and value for money. Customer service is very important to the McDonalds because it says that they care about their customers. Customer service very important and bouncy part of any organization, which is selling goods, or service because it exists to satisfy customers Good customer service will bring you new(a) and keep old customers just now if you have bad customer service this will make customers unhappy and they will stop visiting you and the business will not have new customers.McDonalds operates in a very competitive market. It generally keeps its prices within a compatible range to its competition. What McDonalds can d There is more than one definition for corporate social responsibility. One way in which it can be defined is the obligation of organization management to make decisions and make actions that will enhance the welfare and interests of society as well as the organization (Daft, 2003). In other words, corporate actions have social implications, and managers have a responsibility to act in ways which benefit society as well as the organization (Body, 2005).The difficulty that most companies of today are face up is that investing money in order to become more socially responsible may benefit one of the follows stakeholders, but ha ve the opposite effect for another stakeholder. For example, investing money into the corporate social responsibility is very expensive in the short-term, so whether or not a company decides to become more socially responsible will depend on how willing the shareholders are to invest in such a project.However, the company could see an increase in profits in the long-term future if they were to do so. Nonprofit organizations should be present in the economy to create those services and goods that are necessary for people but are not profitable for companies to produce them. For-profit organizations pay taxes to government and it this way make it possible for nonprofit organizations to follow up their role 3Energy conservation Finding additional ways to enhance energy efficiency in restaurants in order to save money and lessen environmental impacts.Sustainable packaging and waste management Continue exploring ways to decrease the environmental impacts of consumer packaging and wast e in restaurant operations. Green building construct Enhance strict building standards to incorporate further opportunities for environmental efficiencies and innovation in the design and construction of restaurants. McDonalds have long recognized the value of minimizing their environmental footprint. This action is not only good for the world in which they operate, its a strong contributor to McDonalds long-term financial success.

Pros and Cons of Using a Plus-Minus Grading System

Student and Faculty Views of Plus-Minus Grading Systems Working ac ascertain Series07-11 December 2007 Jim Morgan (928) 523-7385 James. emailprotected edu Gary Tallman Robert resultiams All professors at Northern Arizona University The W. A. Franke College of Business PO Box 15066 Flagstaff, AZ 86011. 5066 Student and Faculty Views of Plus-Minus Grading Systems Introduction M whatever colleges and universities fork up adopted or be considering adopting a demolishing dodging that provides a larger repress of marking choices than the A through F whole-letter clay. This comm exclusively takes the form of a plus- subtraction (+/-) scoring remains in angiotensin-converting enzyme version or some other(a).While a form of fences turn out been put forth for the move to +/- roams, a key motivation is the popular opinion that a +/- rate transcription bottomland either reverse the progression of chassis ostentatiousness or counter its ca accustom by establishing to a greater extent phase choices so that performance can be to a greater extent efficaciously differentiated. This root first reviews studies of the prevalence in American colleges and universities of +/- equalisation ashess and, perhaps much(prenominal) importantly, the prevalence of schools non development +/- organizations who could potentially benefit from a wangleen to use of this form of evaluate trunk.Be perform of limitations found in uncommitted selective information, a targeted abridgment of grading systems of a selected set of universities has been conducted. The results of this secondary research argon briefly describe in the second section below. Results of the first devil sections bode that there remains a inviolable set of schools that do not circulating(prenominal)ly utilize +/- grading and king be considering a shift to this form of grading system. Next the paper reviews literature dealing with strength and educatee perceptions of +/- grading syst ems and the make of these systems on the level and distri yetion of set outs and on disciple effort.Substantial differences in the perceptions of the two groups ar found. The major way of this paper is the analysis of how expertness and educatee perceptions of the benefits of a +/- grading system differ and what the motivations for these differences might be. The technique use to explore these questions is a survey of both susceptibility and student reactions to a hypothesized flip-flop to a +/- grading system at a mid-size public university in the Southwest. The results indicate that the aptitude is much more than liveive of a alter than atomic number 18 students.Insights as to why each group views the effects of the hypothesized convert other than are explored in the paper with possible explanations for the differences found in expectation theory, a favorite theory of homosexual motivation that suggests students and energy willing each react to the intensify in a way that is identically to produce positive benefits for them, and in oppositeness to interpolate theory which seeks to identify the factors cause resistance among groups affected by a salmagundi. Our interpret shows that each group perceives the effects of the revision differently and that some students and faculty members have precise strong commitments to their views.Examination of the Extent of Use of +/- courses A study by the American draw of College Registrar and Admissions Offices reported that 36% of institutions (both 2 and 4 year) in 1992 used pluses or minuses in grading whereas 56% of such institutions did so in 2002 Brumfield, 2005. Thirty-two institutions moved to a +/- system everyplace the ten year period. Private schools were much more likely to use a +/- system than public schools. This continues the trend noted in the prior ten year period when a 12% increase in institutions using a +/system was noted Riley, Checca, Singer, & Worthington, 1994.In order to further evaluate the use of +/- and other extended category grading systems, on-line catalogs of a representative sample of one stern of all AACSB accredited business schools were reviewed to determine each schools under potassium alum grading policy. A total of 99 schools were surveyed, 71 of them public and 28 private. hedge 1 shows the distribution of grading systems used. triple basic grading systems were identified systems using pluses-minuses, systems using a ace intermediate gradation and handed-down whole-letter grading systems of A, B, C, D, and either E or F.Note that about one third of the schools continue to use whole-letter only grading systems. Among public schools, 30 of 71 (42. 5 percentage) use only whole-letter grading. Plus-minus grading systems are all the way the intimately prevalent type of grading system among this group of schools. To clarify the notation used below, the A+ to C+ system would use the casts A+, A, A-, B+, B, B-, C+, C , D, F, plot an A+ to D- system would use A+, A, A-, B+, B, B-, C+, C, C-, D+, D, D-, F and so on. The plus or minus typically nip and tucks ( lours) the target by . or . 33 grade points. As the table indicates, legion(predicate) schools 1 do not allow pluses and minuses crosswise their full range of grades. The grade of A+ creates the possibility of a GPA greater than 4. 0 and, probably for this think only 9 of the 60 schools with a +/- system take an A+. Four of the 9 schools using the A+ resolve the GPA problem by recording the A+ as a 4. 0 when calculating GPAs, so that the A+ becomes just a notation on individual course grades. Schools excessively differ with respect to the bottom of the +/- range.Most back uply, pluses and minuses are used all the way down through the D-, however, due to issues relating to transfer grades and determining the grade required for significant prerequisites, a number of schools terminate the use of pluses and minuses with the D+ (they do not u se a D-) and others restrain at the C+ or neverthe slight C- level. TABLE 1 Distribution of University Grading Systems Number of Schools employ 60 1 8 4 3 16 27 1 7 4 3 32 32 Plus and Minus Grades A+ thru C+ * A+ thru DA- thru C+ A- thru CA- thru D+ A- thru DB+ thru DSingle Intermediate Grade AB, BC & CD AB and BC Whole-letter Only A thru F The A+ grade is counted as a 4. 0 for 4 of the schools using an A+ Systems using a single intermediate grade are far less prevalent than the +/- systems. The single intermediate grade is typically listed either as the concatenation of the two grades it lies surrounded by, such as AB for the grade between an A and a B, or as a plus without a corresponding minus. In these systems the grade points awarded for the intermediate grade are half way between the two related whole-letter grades (a 3. 5 for an AB or a B+). Why the Movement to +/- Grading?The proportion of institutions using +/- grading systems increase by 12 percent from 1982 to 1992 Ri ley, Checca, Singer, & Worthington, 1994 with the trend continuing. There are three reasons typically cited as motivation for universities to diversify to a +/- grading system. They are concerns oer grade inflation, big businessman to differentiate between students and ability to motivate students to aspire to learn more. A substantial body of literature details the existence of grade inflation in American colleges and universities.One study Levine, 1994 surveyed 4,900 college haves from 1969 to 1993 and found that the number of As awarded had quadrupled and the number of Cs had dropped by two thirds. +/grading shows some promise in reducing grade inflation. In a recent article the author cites show of other studies plus his own analysis of the nonplus of Berry College to conclude that the implementation of a +/- system halts and in some cases produces a minor mouse in grade inflation Bressette, 2002. This effect is not equal over all study.Majors that traditionally have low GPAs are affected less by a change to a +/- system than majors in a high GPA major Bressette, 2002). 2 Proponents of a +/- system also conceptualise it bettor differentiates students and that it is fairer or more precise. Researchers have found that grades are more good indicators of student performance as the width of a grade interval is narrowed Singleton & Smith, 1978. The existence of grade inflation in combination with the traditional A-F grading system effectively reduces the grades available and widens the range of student performance represented by each grade.The presentment of +/- grades increases the grades available and narrows the interval for each grade. In majors where grading is more holistic however, faculty believe the redundant grade choices create less preciseness in student evaluations Quann, 1987. It is also argued that students are move to swear out harder under a +/- system. Anecdotal evidence in the form of student quotes indicates that they must cont inue to wrench through the entire semester to earn a grade under the more refined +/- system.The expectation of earning a high grade whitethorn be a motivator (plus) but the risk of earning a let down grade (minus) might be an even stronger motivator according to one study Cullen et al. , 1975. Evidence to the contrary is present in a study of economics socio-economic classes at a mid-size Midwestern university that concluded students who chose +/- grading were not significantly more motivated than students who did not McClure & Spector, 2005. Student and Faculty Attitudes Toward +/- Grading As noted above, the momentum is toward adoption of a +/- grading system.However, fully one third of all schools currently use a whole-letter grading system. As these schools run across a change to their grading system it will be important for them to recognize the differing perceptions of benefits and costs that major betholders have. The major focus of this paper is the analysis of ho w faculty and student perceptions of the benefits of a +/- grading system differ. A recent study of business school faculty and students identified a substantial gap between the expectations and perceptions of the two groups with respect to grading and academic rigor McKendall et al. , 2006.In addition, articles and editorials in student newspapers of universities considering adopting +/- grades suggest that this type of change in grading policies is always controversial. Such changes are typically proposed by the faculty and often unlike by students Brown Daily Herald, 2006. Students have noted that the use of a +/- system that does not include an A+ grade tends to demoralise the GPAs of the best students since they potentially have many current A grades that could become A minuses, but relatively few B and lower grades that could be raised by the plus grade Storelli-Castro, 2006 Daily Athenaeum, 2006.Perhaps the clearest evidence of how students view +/- grading versus tradition al grading occurs when students have a choice in a particular class. Humboldt State University made the +/- system optional. Student choices were tracked in six introduction to programming classes. Students overwhelmingly chose the traditional grading system over the +/- system, although students who chose the +/- system make more pluses than minuses Dixon, 2004. Students from another university were quoted as arguing that the +/- system would increase the intrinsic value of an A and help in identifying the very best students Bressette, 2002.A survey of faculty documenting their actual use of a voluntary +/- grading system conducted at Ball State University provides evidence of variation in faculty admit for such a grading system Malone, Nelson & Nelson, 2000. The survey asked graduate faculty how extensively they used the +/- system. Seventy-six percent indicated it was used well with assistant professors and those at the university for 1-4 eld indicating the heaviest usage. Fu ll professors use it less as did those with over 15 years service.The colleges that used it most were Architecture, Communication Sciences and the Humanities. The colleges that used it the least were Business, Life Sciences, Physical Sciences and Psychology. Business used the +/- system far less than any other unit in the University. No explanation was proffered for the differences by college. The differing perceptions of faculty by disciplines were noted in another study that concluded Faculty believed that the meaning of a grade varies more across disciplines than across institutions Ekstrom & Villegas, 1994. While the studies noted above point to a variety of student and faculty attitudes toward +/grading, for the most part these studies have not examined the conceptual bases for student and faculty attitudes. There are at least two theoretical perspectives that may be useful in explaining these attitudes. The first is resistance to change theory and the second is expectancy theo ry. Resistance to change theory is quite intuitive and obviously states that affected parties tend to resist change to their environment, work or otherwise.Literature describing reasons for resistance to change is well established and many of the major elements cited today were identified many years ago. A 1966 American Management Association keynote presentation identified a number of factors that cause people to resent and resist change Burns 1966. While this presentation dealt with the work environment, many of the factors identified also apply to the type of change dealt with here. here in paraphrased form, is a partial list of the factors identified 1.The change was poorly communicated and the parties involved do not understand the purpose of the change. 2. The parties involved lacked any involvement in planning the change. 3. The belief that the cost of the change is too high versus the potential benefits to be received from the change. 4. The pervasive belief that the curr ent way of doing things is suddenly fit. 5. The fear that the new system will fail. 6. The failure to consider the habit patterns of those affected by the change and the impact of the change on those habit patterns.In a more recent study, Goltz and Hietapelto 2002 found that employees (or students in our most likely case) resist change when it decreases their power or degree of control over stimuli affecting them. A second theoretical explanation of why evolution to a +/- grading system would be resisted can be found in expectancy theory. Expectancy theory, first conceptualized by Vroom 1964 and relying on the work of earlier scholars such as Tolman 1932, Rotter 1954, and Atkinson 1956, represents a cognitive approach to explaining human behavior.The models picture human existences as active, thinking, learning and predicting creatures. People learn to perform certain behaviors (or at least increase the chance of performing the behavior) that they expect would lead to positive ou tcomes. Consequently, humans are not just products of their environment but they are active in attempting to understand the environment in terms of threats and opportunities. For example, students may perceive a change to +/- grading as a threat. Some of the studies cited above suggest that +/- systems not including an A+ grade do tend to reduce the grades of the best students. more generally, students may believe that +/- grades serve to reinforce the importance of grades, that lower general GPAs will result from the change and that higher levels of incremental study era will be necessary to prosper under a +/- system. The expectations of lower GPAs, also carries with it graduate school acceptance concerns as well. Finally, the issue of +/- grading is much more personal to students as they justly understand that the effect of the change applies directly to them. Faculty, on the other hand, do not take the change nearly as personally.Faculty may perceive greater flexibility and g reater justice in grading with a +/- system and they might also expect that the +/system would be more motivational to students which would cause them to have a favorable attitude toward a +/- grading system. Survey Methodology This section describes a survey of student and faculty opinions about the introduction of a +/grading system at a mid-sized university in the Southwest. The university currently uses a whole-letter grading system with only the grades A, B, C, D, and F.The variant of +/- grading system being considered is one that adds grades of A-, B+, B-, and C+ to the set of potential grades with + grades being recorded at . 3 points higher than the base grade (e. g. 3. 3 for a B+) and grades being recorded at . 3 points less than the base grade. 4 Respondents were asked whether they kick upstairs, equated or Didnt Know nearly or sustentation About a change to the grading system that would utilize the +/- grading scheme described above. Those who either Favored or Oppo sed were then asked to rate the strength of their opinions as either care only slightly, care somewhat strongly or care very strongly.The results of these two questions were combined to produce a 7 point scale with values ranging from really Strongly delay to Very Strongly Oppose (see hold over 2). Respondents were also asked to describe the reasons for their realize or opposition. Results of this open ended question were recorded and categorized with up to two reasons being recorded for each respondent. In addition respondents were asked to provide additional information that might be related to their views of the proposed system. Students were asked to indicate their class standing, their GPA, and the college of their major.Faculty members were asked to indicate their college and their length of service at the university. The survey of students opinions was smooth by a group of Marketing students who randomly solicited responses from students entering and leaving commonly u sed buildings across the campus. The survey of faculty was collected on-line through an e-mail solicitation. Examination of the demographic distribution of responses suggests that the respondents are broadly representative of the students and faculty respectively.The 1433 student responses represent just over 10 percent of the count of student on the surveyed campus, while the 433 faculty responses represents over 50 percent of the eligible pool of faculty members. Hypothesized Relationships Based upon the literature reviewed in the previous sections, the following hypotheses about faculty and student attitudes toward the introduction of +/- grades are proposed. H1 Faculty are more supportive of a +/- system than students. There is some evidence that a move to a +/- grading system may reduce the progression of grade inflation or perhaps reverse it.Therefore, faculty who are concerned about the effects of grade inflation would be anticipate to be supportive of a +/- grading system. Based upon expectancy theory. Both students and faculty may have resistance to change reasons for opposing the new system, but these reasons are likely to be stronger for students. Students may view any change in the grading system imposed by faculty as a potential threat to their GPA. Students also are likely to feel less involved in the change and have less understanding of the purpose for the change.Thus, students would be expected to resist the change to a +/- grading system. H2 Freshmen will be more supportive of +/- grades than upperclassmen. Class standing can also be expected to affect student responses to a change in grading system. Upperclassmen have more carry out with the current grading system. They may feel that they have learned how to work within that system effectively to optimize their grades. Resistance to change tends to increase, as individuals have more experience with and more of a stake in an existing system.Thus, we hypothesize that freshmen will be more favorable toward +/- grades than upperclassmen. H3 As a students GPA increases, support for +/- grades decreases. Since most +/- grading systems, including the one described to our respondents, do not include an A+ grade, expectancy theory suggests that students with very high GPAs have a rational reason to believe that +/- grades are more likely to lower than raise their GPAs. For example, consider a student who has earned As in 80 percent of her/his courses and Bs in the other 20 percent leading to a 3. 8 GPA.For that student, the new grading scheme could only lower and not raise 80 percent of her grades while, for the remaining 20 percent, the grade could be either higher (a B+) or lower (a B-). On the other hand, since the system proposed in this survey does not include a C-, a student who has earned 80 percent Cs and 20 percent Bs under the whole-letter system has 80 percent of his/her grades that could only be increased by 5 the +/- grading system. Therefore, we hypothesize t hat students with higher GPAs will be less favorable toward the use of +/- grades than student with lower GPAs.H4 As the come grade issued in a students college increases, support for +/grades decreases. The clean grade in the college where a student is majoring can also be expected to affect responses to +/- grading. Students in colleges where a very high proportion of As are currently kick downstairsn would have reason to fear that +/- grades would lower average GPAs issued in their unit. In a college with a 3. 2 average grade we might expect that 40 percent or more of the grades issued are As and that 40 percent of grades could not increase, but could only be lowered by the introduction of a typical +/grading system.By comparison, a college with a 2. 7 average grade would be expected to be takings much fewer As, so that use of +/- grades could potentially either raise or lower nearly all of that units grades. In addition, at least one empirical study Bresette, 2002 found thi s type of effect as discussed above. For this reason, we hypothesize that students, in keeping with the predictions of expectancy theory, will be less favorable toward +/- grades the higher the average grade issued by their college. H5 -Faculty support for +/- grades will become less favorable as tenure at the school increases.Faculty views of +/- grades might be expected to vary with the length of time that a faculty member has taught under the current grading system. As a faculty members experience with using the existing grading system increases, they, like students, may become comfortable with that system and therefore may be more resistant to change. In addition this type of effect was found in one of the empirical studies cited above Malone, Nelson, & Nelson, 2000. H6 Faulty support for +/- grades will be more favorable as average grades issued in their college increase.The grading culture of the college in which a faculty member teaches may also impact their views of +/- gra des. Faculty in colleges with high average grades might logically feel a greater acquire for additional grading options to better forge student performance, whereas faculty in colleges with lower average grades might feel that the current system provides adequate assessment of student performance. On the other hand, since faculty are responsible for issuing grades, differences in current grading practices across colleges tend to reflect the grading preferences of the faculty in those colleges.Faculty in colleges with high average grades may be less likely to feel that grade inflation is an important issue. Thus, faculty support for +/- grades may be either stronger or weaker in colleges with high average grades. We believe the desire for additional grading options will be the stronger of the two effects. Survey Results In analyzing the survey results, we will first look to see whether student and faculty opinions about the use of +/- grades differ. Table 2 below shows summary data about student and faculty opinions. There is a strong going away between student and faculty opinions about the proposed use of +/- grades.Over half of faculty respondents support +/- grades at least somewhat strongly while only 15 percent of students share this level of support. Almost half of the student respondents oppose +/- grades at least somewhat strongly, and many of the remaining students are relatively indifferent to, rather than supportive of, +/- grades. A Chi-squared test of the delusive hypothesis that the distribution of faculty opinions and student opinions do not differ has been conducted and the null hypothesis is rejected at the . 0001 level, indicating that there is a significant difference between the opinions of the two groups thus supporting hypothesis one. TABLE 2 Distribution of judgings of Students and Faculty About Use of +/- Grades Students Count ploughshare 64 4. 4% 148 10. 3% cxlv 10. 1% 289 20. 0% 129 8. 9% 332 23. 0% 336 23. 3% 1443 100. 0% 0. 0001 Faculty Count Percentage 126 27. 0% 123 26. 4% 48 10. 3% 26 5. 6% 18 3. 9% 57 12. 2% 68 14. 6% 466 100. 0% expect Very Strongly Support Somewhat Strongly Support more or less siret Know / Care Oppose Slightly Oppose Somewhat Strongly Oppose Very Strongly Chi-Square test p-value The coterminous set of tables provides an analysis of the degree to which student opinions about +/grades vary across different categories of students.First we look at the effect of class standing, that is, do views differ between freshmen, sophomores, juniors, and seniors. Table 3 presents these results. The Chisquare test indicates that the distributions are significantly different and brushup of the table shows very clearly that sophomores and juniors tend to be most strongly opposed to use of +/- grades. Freshmen and seniors do not support use of +/- grades, but are less strong in their opposition and more likely to be indifferent or care only slightly about the grading alternatives.Sophomores a nd juniors may feel comfortable with the current grading system and be more reluctant to change, while freshmen have less familiarity with the existing system and seniors feel that they would not be personally affected by any change providing support for hypothesis two. TABLE 3 Students Class Standing vs Students Opinion of Use of +/- Grades catechumen 5. 4% 11. 6% 13. 2% 22. 1% 7. 8% 19. 8% 20. 2% (258) 0. 0045 Sophomore 3. 2% 10. 3% 10. 6% 20. 1% 7. 1% 28. 0% 20. 6% (339) Junior 5. 3% 8. 2% 7. 4% 15. 6% 10. 3% 22. 5% 30. 7% (417) Senior 4. 1% 11. 5% 9. % 22. 1% 9. 9% 21. 9% 20. 7% (416) Support Very Strongly Support Somewhat Strongly Support Slightly Dont Know / Care Oppose Slightly Oppose Somewhat Strongly Oppose Very Strongly Students in folk Chi-Square test p-value Table 4 summarizes the distribution of opinions among students in different grade point average categories. Since, the +/- grading system does not include an A+, students with very high GPAs might rationally assume that they personally have more to lose (through A-s and perhaps B-s) than they have to gain (through B+s), and thus oppose the change.The results of Table 4 support this idea, the Chi-square test indicates that students with differing GPAs do differ in their views of +/- grades and students with higher GPAs are systematically more inclined to oppose using +/- grades thus supporting hypothesis three. Student respondents were asked to indicate the college of their major. Since the classification of colleges differs well across universities this information is not directly comparable to other 7 universities. However, it would be of interest to issue whether the grading rigor of a students college affects student opinions about +/- grading.Students in colleges which currently give many high grades may feel that they have more to lose from the use of +/- grades than students in other colleges. The university in question has six colleges. Two of them have issued grades which, on averag e, were below a 2. 8 over the last 3 academic years, two issued grades which were on average between 2. 8 and 3. 1 over that period, and two issued grades which were on average above a 3. 1 for that period. TABLE 4 Students GPA vs Students Opinion of Use of +/- Grades 2. 00 or Less 8. 7% 8. 7% 13. 0% 39. 1% 0. 0% 13. 0% 17. % 100. 0% (23) 0. 0001 3. 50 or More 3. 5% 9. 8% 9. 5% 15. 0% 8. 1% 26. 6% 27. 5% 100. 0% (346) Support Very Strongly Support Somewhat Strongly Support Slightly Dont Know / Care Oppose Slightly Oppose Somewhat Strongly Oppose Very Strongly Students in mob Chi-Square test p-value 2. 00-2. 49 5. 8% 9. 1% 9. 1% 33. 9% 10. 7% 16. 5% 14. 9% 100. 0% (121) 2. 50-2. 99 4. 3% 10. 6% 11. 1% 24. 7% 10. 6% 20. 1% 18. 5% 100. 0% (368) 3. 00-3. 49 4. 7% 10. 7% 9. 4% 15. 6% 8. 4% 24. 8% 26. 4% 100. 0% (572) Table 5 shows the distribution of student opinions across these categories.The Chi-square test for equal distribution does indicate that there is a significant difference i n the distribution of responses. adversary to +/- grades is strongest and support for them weakest among students in colleges issuing the highest average grades thus supporting hypothesis four. This result should be interpreted somewhat cautiously however, because of the inhering correlation of average grade with the students own GPA examined in Table 4. That is, in general, students in colleges issuing high grades are more likely to have high GPAs.Next we examine how faculty opinions about +/- grades vary across different faculty categories. First the length of service at the university is examined. much(prenominal) like the situation described for students, it might be hypothesized that faculty who have been at the institution for a long period of time will be less likely to support a change in a grading system that they are used to and comfortable in using. TABLE 5 total GPA Issued in Students College vs Students Opinion of the Use of +/- Grades Average GPA Issued in Students College lt 2. 2. 8-3. 1 gt3. 1 6. 0% 3. 8% 2. 6% 11. 6% 10. 5% 8. 5% 9. 6% 11. 7% 7. 6% 19. 8% 22. 0% 16. 3% 9. 1% 10. 5% 5. 8% 24. 9% 19. 8% 27. 1% 19. 1% 21. 7% 32. 1% (450) 3. 1 21. 0% 28. 6% 31. 5% 35. 3% 21. 4% 23. 8% 11. 8% 11. 4% 8. 8% 2. 5% 5. 7% 7. 2% 3. 4% 4. 3% 3. 9% 16. 8% 12. 1% 9. 9% 9. 2% 16. 4% 14. 9% (119) 0. 1329 (140) (181) Support Very Strongly Support Somewhat Strongly Support Slightly Dont Know / Care Oppose Slightly Oppose Somewhat Strongly Oppose Very Strongly Faculty in Category Chi-Square test p-valueThe reasons give by students and faculty members for supporting or opposing use of +/- grades are summarized in Tables 8 through 11. These tables were assembled by categorizing open-ended responses. In the case of respondents opposing +/- grades, there were a number of somewhat distinct 9 responses that were still logically related in an overall category. In those instances the overall number of occurrences in the general category is presented, but the distri bution of responses within the subcategories is also presented.Table 8 summarizes reasons given by students supporting the use of +/- grades. The predominant reason given was that the system would provide grades that are more accurate and provide a more refined measure of performance. The second most prevalent reason that +/- grades provide a more appropriate reward for the effort is somewhat related. former(a) rather customary reasons given were the feeling that +/grades will raise GPAs and the belief that they will increase incentives for students to work hard in classes.In contrast to the 35 students who felt that +/- grades would raise GPAs, Table 9 indicates that 10 times as many students (352) believe that +/- grades will have a negative impact on grades. It seems clear that fear of lower grades was the most important factor in the overall negative view of students toward the +/- grading system. Just over 100 students indicated that they oppose +/- grades simply because they prefer the current system and either see no reason to change or do not like the new system.Students also criticized the new system as being overly complicated, increasing stress and placing too much focus on grades, requiring more work of them to receive the aforementioned(prenominal) grades, and having a potential negative impact on employment, scholarships, and/or getting into graduate school. TABLE 8 Students Reasons for living +/- Grades Number of Comments Grades are More Accurate/Refined Provide More Appropriate Reward for the Effort Will Raise GPAs outgrowthd Incentives to Work Harder Will increase the temperament of the School Other Schools Use Them 145 43 35 21 7 5Reasons for faculty support for +/- grades are summarized in Table 10. The two most prevalent reasons cited closely parallel the top two reasons for support provided by students. First, that grades will be more accurate and refined under a +/- system (identical to the students top response) and second that the y are fairer or better for the students (similar to the students response of provides more appropriate reward for effort). Other prominent reasons for support included the belief that +/- grades will help charge grade inflation, and that they will mend student motivation. 0 TABLE 9 Students Reasons for Opposing +/- Grades Number of Comments In SubIn Category Category 352 164 145 32 11 104 54 50 38 34 21 16 15 9 8 5 Negative Impact on Grades An A is an A (is difficult enough) It will lower my GPA Achieving 4. 0 is More Difficult Heard from ASU / Lower Grades Prefer Current System care current System / no reason to change Dont like the change System is more involved Too much pressure / stress Will require more study time for the same grades Puts too much focus on grades Negative Impact on Scholarships/Employment/Grad.School Doesnt motivate me more Like high School/Grade School Changes Schools Atmosphere TABLE 10 Faculty Reasons for Supporting +/- Grades Number of Comments Grades are More Accurate/Refined Grades are Fairer/Better for Students Will Combat Grade largeness Will Improve Student Motivation Better / Easier for Faculty (Feel better about grades given) Will Improve Student Feedback 173 50 26 23 12 10 Reasons for opposition to +/- grades among faculty were varied (see Table 11). Most commonly cited is the idea that the change poses more costs than the benefits it provides.The next most frequent concern was the belief that grade challenges and arguments over grades would be increased since more students would be near a boundary between grades. Somewhat related to this are concerns that grades will be more difficult (physically and emotionally) for faculty to construct and compute and that the particular grade given will be arbitrary. Interestingly almost as many faculty believed that +/- grades would have no impact on or would increase grade inflation (17) as believed that +/- grades would reduce grade inflation (26). Finally, 10 faculty members exp ressed concern that +/- grades would overemphasize grades. 11TABLE 11 Faculty Members Reasons for Opposing +/- Grades Number of Comments In SubIn Category Category 39 14 9 9 7 24 21 17 17 10 7 10 6 4 3 2 Cost versus take in Current System is OK (no need for change) No Benefit to Change No Benefit to Students High cost to change with Little Benefit Will Increase Grade Challenges/Arguments Grading Will be More Difficult for faculty Grades are More overbearing Grade Inflation Impact Will Encourage Grade Inflation Wont Reduce Grade Inflation Overemphasis on Grades Emphasizes Grades versus Learning Adds to Student Anxiety over Grades Not used by Employers / recruiters May smart Student Grad School chancesConclusions This study examined the extent of use of +/- grades in AACSB accredited business schools by collecting data from 99 such schools. Sixty percent of the schools use some variant of a +/- grading system, 32 percent use only whole-letter grading and the remainder use a single intermediate grade. A survey of faculty and student opinions about a move to +/- grading at a mid-sized university in the Southwest provides a number of interesting insights. There is a strong divergence between student and faculty opinions.Over half of faculty respondents support +/- grades at least somewhat strongly as compared to only 15 percent of students. Nearly half of student respondents oppose the change at least somewhat strongly. Students and faculty supporting the +/- grading system cited very similar reasons for their support the belief that grades will be more accurate and refined and the belief that grades will be fairer or better for students. Some students also indicated the change would provide incentive to work harder. Some faculty felt it would combat grade inflation and improve student motivation.Students who oppose the change believe there will be a negative impact on GPAs (352 students believe this versus 35 who believe grades would improve). The next most pr evalent student comment was that they prefer the current system and see no need for a change. Faculty who opposed the change commented most frequently that there is little benefit from the change and next that it will increase grade challenges or make grading more difficult for faculty. Opposition to the change was strongest and support for +/- grades was weakest among students in colleges issuing the highest average grades.In addition, sophomores and juniors and students with higher GPAs tend to be most strongly opposed. This suggests that student opposition to a +/- grading system could be reduced by implementing it in a phased manner (starting with the freshman class) and by finding a way to incorporate a grade of A+. In addition, resistance to change theory suggests that it is important that the reasons why the use of +/- grades might be in the best interest of students be effectively communicated throughout the process and that students groups should be involved early in any pr oposal to institute +/- grades.

Study on Carbohydrates

Effect of imbibition quinine water ash dulcorate high-fructose maize syrup on food Michael ABSTRACT in the with pulmonary tuberculosis aspartame and system or free system of cargos G TordoffandAnnette To examine MAlleva suggest that sweet oral stimulation initiates a cephalic-phase metabolic reflex that increases appetite (10). The semipermanent launchs of synthetic sweeteners on food wasting disease and body fish are slight clear. Although any(prenominal) investigators report weight further in animals given artificial sweeteners to eat or drink (1 1-13), the mass reports no movements (11, 14-17).What minuscular work has been d unitary in humanity does little to answer the question. cardinal correlative comparisons ofusers and nonusers of artificial sweeteners showed that the sweeteners had no prepare on body weight (18, 19). In contrast, an epidemiological carry of 78 694 women found that reported weight gain was greater in those who used artificial sweetener s than in those who did not (20). There are only three published studies that confine used a responsible amount when approach. ofweight ate APM replaced In one, dieters who two, during were either hether artificial sweeteners aid intake and body weight, we gave free-living, normal-weight casefuls 1 one hundred fifty g soda sweetened with aspartame (APM) or high-fructose corn syrup (HFCS) per day. Relative to when no soda was given, drinking APM-sweet cook of long-term food ened soda for 3 wk significantly reduced nutritionists large large large calorie intake drinking the of two fe mannishs weight sweetened take (n = 9) and males (n = of males alone not of pistillates. soda body for 3 wk significantly and 2 1) and However, change magnitude the body HFCScalorie in- change magnitude Downloaded from www. ajcn. org by guest on June 1, 2011 eight of some(prenominal) sexes. Ingesting either pillowcase of soda reduced intake of sugar from the diet without touch intake of ot her nutrients. Drinking largish volumes of APMsweetened soda, in contrast to drinking HFCS-sweetened soda, reduces sugar intake and thus may facilitate the control of calorie intake and body weight. Am J Gun Nutr 1990 5 1963-9. encouraged garbled the same(p) or discouraged and to use APM-sweetened (2 1). In the other fewer calories all sucrose products hospitala 6- or ized joust plosive obese opens KEY WORDS tose corn syrup, Human sugar, food intake, aspartame, body high-fruc- weetness, weight, weight control Introduction It is generally benefit believed taste that artificial sweeteners (1). provide Indeed, the foods of a desirable without calories and drinks containing these substances are a great deal labeled diet. However, the possibility that sweet, low-calorie foods and drinks actually lead to a reduction in body weight has not been examined in detail. There is mounting evidence that in the short term ( 12 h), consumption of artificial sweeteners increases the motivation to eat. Rats increase food intake after drinking a saccharin solution (2).Humans report increased hunger after drinking solu- than when they were fed a high-sucrose diet (22, 23). None of the work to date has examined the instal on food intake or body weight ofadding artificial sweeteners to the normal diet. In the hand study, we attempted to do this by determining the effect on long-term (3-wk) food intake and body weight of consuming APM given in soda, the most prevalent vehicle for artificial sweeteners. By comparability distributor points when outcomes drank APM, HFCS, and no soda, we planned to examine the effect of APM both as an addition to the diet and as a l2-d sugar substitute. n the diet Methods Recruitment of subjects tions Food than These of aspartame (APM), saccharin, or acesulfame-K (3, 4). intake is greater after ply a saccharin-sweetened yogurt after a glucose-sweetened or unsweetened yogurt (5). results are not caused by a postingestive or pharmacolog- The e xperiment was run in two replications, held in the fall of 1987 and the spring of 1988. It was ratified by the Cornmittee on Studies Involving Human Beings at the University of Pennsylvania. Potential subjects were first attracted by advertisements I 2 cal effect of the artificial sweeteners rats eat more food after sham-drinking (ingesting but not absorbing) sucrose solution (6), and humans increase hunger ratings after chewing a gum base sweetened with as little as 0. 6 mg APM (7). Moreover, subjects who check normal sweetness perception while drinking a sweet draw shake subsequently eat more food than do subjects who cannot perceive the milk shake as sweet because of treatment with gymnemic acid (8). These and other findings (9) posted the Monell on local university campuses. Upon ar- From chemical Senses Center, Philadelphia. Competitive Re- Supported y the US Department ofAgricultures search Grants Program grant 87-CRCR- 1-2316. 3Address reproduce requests to MG Tordoff, Monell Chemical Center, 3500 Market Street, Philadelphia, PA 19104. Senses Received Accepted May 30, 1989. for publication August 9, 1989. Am iC/in Nutr 199051963-9. Printed in USA. 1990 American Society for Clinical Nutrition 963 964 TABLE 1 TORDOFF AND ALLEVA each subject was weighed (wearing casual clothes, to the nearest blow g the weight was not revealed to the subject), the dietetic record from the previous week was examined for ambiguities, and printed instructions for the following week were given.In the two soda particularises, subjects were beared to drink cardinal sodas a day, intimidate unopened bottles in a refrigerator, and record the time each bottle they were notified, was consumed. In the no-soda There are no special instructions condition, for this Constituents of aspartame-sweetened (APM) and high-fructose-cornsyrup-sweetened (HFCS) sodas ingested daily during 21-d test periods Constituent APM HFCS Weight(g) Water(mL) 1135 1130 1135 1000 APM(mg) HFCS(g) Ca lories (kcal) 590 1 3 0 133 530 week. bottles carrying collected At the end of the weekly of soda for the following the sodas was somewhat them in smaller batches isit, subjects were given 28 week (if necessary). Because cumbersome, a few subjects more frequently. rival at the research lab tive subject received for an initial a written appointment, description each of the prospecstudy and Debriefing and taste tests sign-language(a) a participation consent tier. The studys purpose was stated as an ongoing vagabond to examine basic mechanisms of food preference, food intake, and appetite. The only procedural details given were the requirement to keep a dietary record and you lead receive beverages to drink on various days, but we you will receive cannot tell you at this or what they contain. time how many The description drinks also included circular ofthe requirement to attend a weekly interview at the laboratory and a schedule of remuneration, totalling $ 100 for satisfacto ry completion ofthe experiment. Subjects were administered the 40-question eating attitudes test (EAT-40) (24), the 5 1-question Restrained Eating Questionnaire (25), and other questionnaires to assess aesculapian bill, food preferences, eating attitudes, and dietary restraint. On the basis of questionnaire responses, applicants were excluded ifthey were recently or currently dieting, were avoiding caffeine, had a family history ofdiabetes, or were pregnant.Initial training period At the end ofthe 9-wk test period, taste tests were conducted to see if subjects could recognize differences among soda contaming APM and HFCS. First, each subject received a series of 16 counterbalanced triangle tests the subject attempted to pick the disparate soda from three 10-mL samples of soda, two of one variety and one of the other. Second, the subject was allowed to drink as much as he or she wanted from four cups of soda. He or she was asked to identify whether the soda was a diet or regular t ype.Unbeknownst to the subject, two ice rinkes contained APM-sweetened soda and two, HFCS-sweetened soda. Finally, we asked what the subject fantasy the study was around. Analysis ofdietary records Downloaded from www. ajcn. org by guest on June 1, 2011 Dietary diet-analysis records software were analyzed (release 3. 0, by use of NUTRITIONIST-3 N-Squared Computing, Sil- An experienced registered dietitian instructed each subject on how to complete dietary records. The 45-mm lesson emphasized the requirement of timely and accurate record holding and included demonstrations with food models and household measures.To augment compliance, subjects were told, We could determine what you have eaten from analysis of urine samples (although this was untrue). To ensure understanding ofthe instructions, subjects kept a practice dietary record for 2 or 3 d. The completed record was scrutinized by the dietitian (with the subject present) to clarify any ambiguities and to acquaint subjects with the rigor required for keeping a dietary record. At this stage six females and eight males elected to quit the experiment. Two males who kept insufficiently detailed records were also eliminated. Experiment design and procedure erton, OR) by trained personnel who were unaware of the treatment conditions. Components of foods not listed in the database were obtained directly from the manufacturers or by chemical analysis. For simplicity, we combined fructose, glucose, sucrose, and other monoand disaccharides as sugar. After inspection of initial results, separate values were derived for sugar in beverages (ie, soft drinks, coffee, and tea) and food (all other sources of sugar). Results Preliminary analyses found there were no differences be- Each subject keep a dietary record continuously for 9 wk. During this eriod they received, in counterbalanced order, for 3 wk each, soda sweetened with APM, soda sweetened with high-fructose corn syrup (HFCS), or no experimental drinks. The cola-flavored soda was provided in 300-mL glass bottles. There was an alphanumeric code on the cap or sleeve ofeach bottle but nobody to inform the subject ofthe identity of the drink. During the appropriate periods, subjects were required to drink four bottles ( 1 1 35 g) ofsoda daily (Table 1). At the start of the test period and then at weekly intervals, tween the results of the two replications of this study, so they were combined.Of the I 3 female and 28 male subjects who started the study, 1 female and 5 males stopped keeping dietary records or failed to keep appointments at the laboratory. Three females were eliminated because of chicken pox, pneumonia, and relocation away from the area. Two males complained about having to drink so much soda, so they were also dropped from the study. Analyses and data presentation are based on the remaining 9 females and 2 1 males. Subject characteristics Anthropometric measures are shown in Table 2. frame mass indexes ofthe females and males were 25. 4 1. 4 and 25. 1 0. kg/m2, respectively, which falljust below the 75th percentile of body weight distribution (26). With the yetion offour males who ate fixed meals four times per week, all subjects controlled their own food excerption and meal size. There were minimal re- ARTIFICIAL TABLE Physical SWEETENERS AND BODY WEIGHT 965 2 characteristics of subjects* womanish (n 9) Characteristic Age (y) Height (cm) = (n Male = 21) 28. 2 165. 5 2. 7 2. 2 4. 3 22. 9 174. 5 76. 6 0. 8 1. 2 Weight (kg) *j5EM 69. 6 2. 1 ports of food allergies or aversions. scores on the EAT-40, a measure 1 1 . 8 2. , males 9. 9 1. 1). The ing Questionnaire revealed normal No subjects had extreme of eating disorders (females 5 1-question Restrained eating behavior except Eatthat two females and one male had high ( 2 SD above the mean) restraint (factor 1) scores and five males had high disinhibition (factor 2) scores. None of the questionnaire responses corre- lated ofthe significan tly except Restrained with Eating food intake Questionnaire) or weight between and = change hunger calorie p during (factor intake the 3 dur- experiment, for a correlation ing the no-soda Body weight baseline) period (r 0. 37, 0. 05). Subjects gained slightly but wk of drinking HFCS-sweetened significantly more weight after 2 soda than after the same pesoda or no experimental soda was more marked after 3 wk (Fig did males durHFCS-sweet- riod drinking APM-sweetened (Appendix A). This difference 1). Females lost significantly more weight than ing the control (no-soda) period. While drinking ened soda, females gained p 0. 0 1) and males gained drinking APM-sweetened 0. 29 kg, p kg, weight significantly (0. 97 0. 25 kg, slightly (0. 52 0. 23 kg, NS).While soda, females lost gained weight slightly (0. 47 males weight significantly (0. 25 0. 22 NS) but 0. 05). Thus, the effect on both sexes combined and days (1-21 d). Separate analyses were performed either including or excluding t he ingredients from the experimental sodas. All the analyses found that females consumed significantly less than did males, and there was no interaction between sex and treatment (Appendix A). None ofthe analyses produced a main effect or interaction involving the days factor, indicating that intakes were stable across the 2 l-d treatment periods.The possibility ofcarry-over cause from one period to another was examined using the same procedure as for body weight data. Results from the first 3-wk period were analyzed separately by using between-subject comparisons (Appendix B). The results of these analyses from a period before carry-over effects could have occurred were similar to those from the complete set of data, indicating that carry-over effects were either absent or, if present, undetectable and thus ofminor significance. Calories.Relative to calorie intake during the no-soda condition, drinking 530 kcal HFCS-sweetened soda/d produced a large and highly significant increase in total calorie intake (including calories in the experimental soda). Drinking the same volume ofAPM-sweetened soda falld calorie intake. Both APM and HFCS consumption significantly reduced intake of calories from the diet (ie, calories excluding the sodas) to the same extent (by 179 and 195 kcal/d, respectively Table 3). The decrease in dietary calorie intake produced by drinking either form of soda was due entirely to a decrease in sugar intake (Fig 2).Drinking soda did not affect the intake of protein, fat, alcohol, or complex (nonsugar) carbohydrate (Table 3). Sugar andsoda. During the period without experimental sodas, average intake of sugar-sweetened soda was 292 1 33 g for females and 414 85 g for males. Three females and two males drank essentially no ( 25 g/d) HFCS-sweetened soda one female and two males drank 1 135 g/d. inlet of APMsweetened soda during the same period was 1 59 82 g for females and 88 40 g for males, which included 6 females and 16 males who did not drink any. The total intake ofboth typesDownloaded from www. ajcn. org by guest on June 1, 2011 ofdrinking HFCS-sweetened body weight, whereas the soda crease was to nonsignificantly in weight seen when gain soda was to significantly increase effect of drinking APM-sweetened decrease males it. Female =9) Male (n=2 1) Because APM could of the counterbalanced reflect either a direct caused body design drank of the study, soda sweetened period the dewith influence by a previous ofthe soda or recovof HFCS- ery from possibilities, the weight we sweetened-soda consumption. compared To discriminate weight changes between of the these three ) C male and three female subgroups of subjects during the first 3 wk of the experiment (Appendix B) and during each of the three 3-wk periods of the study (Appendix C). The pattern of results for each of the periods was more-or-less similar to that seen overall, although because of the smaller group loss in sensitivity produced by the use ofbetween- subject parisons, the only significant during the first 3-wk period difference for females 0 -C 0 .4. J ii No -1 sizes and corn- ci) was present 0 0 (Appendix who effects loss drank seen C). Judging APM-sweetened weight when per se. ofbody y the desoda gain could drank FIG Soda APM crease in the weight before any possible occur, soda it appears containing that of males carry-over the weight subjects HFCS APM was due to the soda Food intake and of total calories were anwith factors of sex, treatment, Intakes of the various nutrients alyzed by three-way ANOVAs in body weight during 3-wk periods when subjects sweetened with aspartame (APM), an equal weight ofsoda sweetened with high-fructose corn syrup(HFCS), or had no experimental manipulation (no soda). *p 0. 05 relative to weight gain in no-soda period. 1. Changes drank 150 g/d of soda 966 TABLE 3 ofdrinking Effect on dietary nutrient intake sweetened with APM or HFCS* Measure Nosoda TORDOFF AND ALLEVA evidence that the effects we ight were influenced soda. ofthe sodas on calorie intake and body by the subjects ability to identify the guessed the experiments purpose most soda (1 135 g/d) APM kcal/d HFCS None ofthe subjects Females(n = 9) Alcohol Fat Protein Carbohydrate 6523 74793 26625 3912 74595 26228 5823 726 84 256 27 405 thought we were performing market a new brand of soda. None noticed changed their body weight or altered take or selection.Discussion research of some kind on that drinking the sodas their patterns of food in- enforce the requirement to drink 1 135 g/d of APM-sweetened soda on normal-weight, freely feeding subjects decreased calorie intake significantly (by 7%) and reduced body weight slightly (significantly in males). This was in marked contrast to 26160 25555 22556 the highly significant, 13% increase in calorie intake and sig93245 94556 937 41 nificant increase in body weight produced by consumption of 37323 38427 373 18 the same amount of HFCS-sweetened soda.The two types of soda p roduced an identical, 33% decrease in dietary sugar in61743 612 48 ComplexCHO 62449 461 38t take (excluding the sugar in the soda), without affecting intake Sugar 674 49 453 40t Totalintake 2801 150 2647 153 2645 l24 t ofother macronutrients. This was caused in part by the experimental sodas displacing discretional beverages subjects i SEM. given four bottles ofsoda per day have little motivation to purt Significantly different from no-soda condition tp 0. 005, f231p chase and drink their own. However, drinking either form of